A Jedi’s guide to Ethereum — Part 4(web3) 
In our last article, we took a little detour and explored the Remix IDE as a way to interact and test our betting smart contract. In this article, we will add a simple web ui to our smart contract and create a dApp or decentralized application. If you recall, in a previous article, we used a tool named truffle to create our smart contract and associated unit tests. We will go back to truffle and use another tool of theirs named, boxes. Boxes are essentially boilerplate apps that you may use to bootstrap your own application using a common toolset for Ethereum-based apps. We will be building our app using React and the web3 javascript client for the Ethereum blockchain. Truffle has a box for this named, React so let’s get started.
Truffle Box
Run the following in a directory of your choice. If you have not installed truffle yet, refer to this article for help.
mkdir JediBet
cd JediBet
truffle unbox ReactThe unbox command will take a while… When it is done, you should see a the following:
Downloading...
Unpacking...
Setting up...
Unbox successful. Sweet!
Commands:
Compile: truffle compile
Migrate: truffle migrate
Test contracts: truffle test
Test dapp: npm test
Run dev server: npm run start
Build for production: npm run buildWe have used the compile, migrate, and test commands before when we originally wrote our first smart contract. We see some new commands now related to the dApp we are building. We are going to take a look at this boilerplate dApp in our browser, but first let’s compile and deploy the smart contract that was just unboxed. If you recall, truffle has its own non-mined blockchain that we can use to speed up development. Let’s start that up and compile and migrate the contract.
truffle developOnce it starts up, go ahead and compile the contract
truffle(develop)> compileAnd now deploy to the blockchain
truffle(develop)> migrateWe now have our contract deployed to our test blockchain. Now, go ahead and open up a new terminal and navigate to the project root again. Run the following command to startup the dApp in dev mode to view in your browser.
npm run devThis command should start up the dApp and eventually open a browser window pointed at http://localhost:3000/. You will notice that the webpage says:
If your contracts compiled and migrated successfully, below will show a stored value of 5 (by default).
But, the value actually showing on the page is 0
The stored value is: 0
Obviously, there is something wrong, but the answer is not totally obvious. The contract is not actually being accessed because there is not an account sending a transaction with gas to power it. If you recall, smart contracts must be given gas in order to run as a part of the Ethereum ecosystem. So, how do we power the contract to get the desired value of 5?
MetaMask
We need some way to inject an Ethereum account into the browser session — we will use the Chrome extension of MetaMask to do just that. Add the MetaMask extension or open it if you already have it. It should show up in your upper right hand corner of Chrome. Once it’s open, click the dropdown in the upper right left hand corner to change the network it is connected to and select Custom RPC. We are going to connect our metamask plugin to the truffle testnet blockchain we started when we ran the command truffle develop. In the dialog, enter http://localhost:9545 for the custom RPC url and click Save. Select your new network as shown below:
We are now going to import a test account into MetaMask to power our contract. Go back to the terminal window that is running our test blockchain, you should see some public and private keys at the very top.
Let’s copy the first private key into the clipboard and go back to MetaMask. Enter your password if you need to and click on the person icon in the upper right hand corner and select Import Account. Select, Private Key as the type and paste the private key in the textfield and click Import. Go back to our dApp at http://localhost:3000 and refresh the page. You should now see MetaMask prompt you to confirm sending a transaction to the contract — something similar to below.
Click Submit and you will notice the value on our sample contract is now coming through correctly.
The stored value is: 5
MetaMask is an indispensable tool that allows us to cryptographically sign transactions with our account from within our browser. This is fundamental for interacting with Ethereum dApps and we will use these same concepts when interacting with our betting dApp as well.
Project Setup
We ultimately want our existing smart contract, Bet.sol and its test, testBet.js to be housed in this new truffle dApp, so let’s copy the Bet.sol file into our new contracts directory and the testBet.js into its test directory. Go ahead and remove the tests from the previous contract and the SimpleStorage.sol from contracts.Your dApp directory should look like this:
Modify the migrations/2_deploy_contracts.js to refer to Bet.sol instead of SimpleStorage.sol.
Delete the /build directory and go through the migration process again…
truffle developOnce it starts up, go ahead and compile the contract
truffle(develop)> compileAnd now deploy to the blockchain
truffle(develop)> migrateWe now have our betting smart contract deployed and are ready to start on our web3 interface — woo-hoo!
Building the UI
Our truffle box framework gave us the beginnings of a React project with CSS and a component in the App.js file. We will be building on this by adding a Bet.js component to handle the various states of our Bet. In addition to this, we will be handling a more complicated flow than the boilerplate box template gave us.
App.js
Notice how we wait until web3 has initialized before we begin interacting with it and configuring our contract provider. Also note that jeditBet can be used by all of our other contract action calls for simplicity. We pass our contract actions into the BetComponent in order for it to be stateless and to let our parent component handle the blockchain interaction. Our syntax and usage with the contract is similar and compact for our placeBet, takeBet, and payoutBet actions.
Bet.js
Notice how the Bet component is completely driven by the props passed in and generates an internal state for its own renders based on the gameState.
Running the dApp
The full source code is available here and it is recommended that you clone this repo to get started before migrating the JediBet contract into a truffle box dApp yourself. Simply clone the JediBetDapp to a directory and go through the setup described in this article for:
- Starting truffle develop CLI
- Setting up MetaMask test accounts
- Compiling and migrating the contract
- Starting the web server
What should happen if you did everything right
When you startup the web server, it should open a browser window with the initial state of the dApp in the Place Bet mode as shown below.
Place Bet
Enter a bet amount and a guess and click Place Bet. A MetaMask window will show up for you to confirm the transaction. Check that the value in the MetaMask window is equal to the value that you entered into the bet amount field.
Take Bet
You can switch accounts in MetaMask to simulate an actual bet since the bet taker will have a different account than the bet originator. Once you do this, you can refresh the dApp page and you should see something similar:
Enter a guess and click Take Bet. Verify that the bet amount in the form is the same as the MetaMask dialog.
Payout Bet
After you have taken the bet, the smart contract will determine the winner and show you the results. Either the bet originator or the bet taker can payout the winnings. Click the Payout Bet button and confirm the MetaMask transaction.
Note: If you get an Out of Gas error, up the gas to something like 100000 and try again. This contract is not optimized for gas yet.
Once the bet has been paid out, the contract will reset itself to a default state of accepting another bet.
Troubleshooting
MetaMask — I have found it helpful to reset my test account in MetaMask if I am getting weird issues related to nonces and such. While in your test account, click the hamburger button to the right and click Settings. Scroll down and click Reset Account.
Truffle — If you change your contract and are not seeing them reflected in the truffle test blockchain, I have found the following command helpful for development.
truffle(develop)> migrate --resetWorst case, is you can delete the build directory of your truffle dApp and
truffle(develop)> compile
truffle(develop)> migrateSummary
Ethereum has a massive head start in the smart contract space. The availability of tools such as geth, truffle, web3, Remix, MetaMask are huge advantages to bringing Ethereum-based products to the market. If the Ethereum team are able to deliver on their promises to scale the platform, I believe 2018 will be a great year for Ethereum. I hope you enjoyed this journey and learned a ton — I know that I did!