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:bar_chart: ophi: Update Global MPI 2024 #3466

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Data issue: https://github.com/owid/owid-issues/issues/1605

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data-diff: ❌ Found differences ```diff = Dataset garden/gapminder/2023-09-22/total_fertility_rate = Table fertility_rate ~ Dim country + + New values: 246 / 16127 (1.53%) year country 2003 Africa 2006 Africa 2021 Africa 1959 Asia 1960 Asia ~ Dim year + + New values: 246 / 16127 (1.53%) country year Africa 2003 Africa 2006 Africa 2021 Asia 1959 Asia 1960 ~ Column children_dying_before_five_per_woman (changed metadata, new data) + + description: Population by country and year. + + - producer: Various sources + + title: Population + + description: |- + + Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources. + + + + You can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources + + citation_full: |- + + The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources + + attribution: Population based on various sources (2024) + + attribution_short: Population + + url_main: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources + + date_accessed: '2024-07-11' + + date_published: '2024-07-15' + + license: + + name: CC BY 4.0 + + url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ + + - name: Creative Commons BY 4.0 + + url: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-RmthhS2EPMK_HIpnPctcXpB0n7ADSWnXa5Hb3PxNq4/edit?usp=sharing + + processing_level: major + + attribution: United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2024) + + New values: 246 / 16127 (1.53%) country year children_dying_before_five_per_woman Africa 2003 0.592730 Africa 2006 0.514560 Africa 2021 0.266742 Asia 1959 1.077650 Asia 1960 1.033913 ~ Column children_surviving_past_five_per_woman (changed metadata, new data) + + description: Population by country and year. + + - producer: Various sources + + title: Population + + description: |- + + Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources. + + + + You can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources + + citation_full: |- + + The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources + + attribution: Population based on various sources (2024) + + attribution_short: Population + + url_main: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources + + date_accessed: '2024-07-11' + + date_published: '2024-07-15' + + license: + + name: CC BY 4.0 + + url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ + + - name: Creative Commons BY 4.0 + + url: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-RmthhS2EPMK_HIpnPctcXpB0n7ADSWnXa5Hb3PxNq4/edit?usp=sharing + + processing_level: major + + attribution: United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2024) + + New values: 246 / 16127 (1.53%) country year children_surviving_past_five_per_woman Africa 2003 4.587270 Africa 2006 4.545440 Africa 2021 4.013258 Asia 1959 4.032350 Asia 1960 3.976087 ~ Column fertility_rate (new data) + + New values: 246 / 16127 (1.53%) country year fertility_rate Africa 2003 5.18 Africa 2006 5.06 Africa 2021 4.28 Asia 1959 5.11 Asia 1960 5.01 ~ Dataset garden/ophi/2024-10-28/multidimensional_poverty_index (new version) - - title: Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) (OPHI, 2023) ? ------------- + + title: Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) ? +++++++ + + The MPI assesses poverty at the individual level. If a person is deprived in a third or more of ten (weighted) indicators, the global MPI identifies them as ‘MPI poor’. The extent – or intensity – of their poverty is also measured through the percentage of deprivations they are experiencing. - - #### How is multidimensional poverty defined? - - Being ‘MPI poor’ means that a person is deprived in a third or more of ten indicators, grouped into three dimensions: + + The global MPI shows who is poor and how they are poor and can be used to create a comprehensive picture of people living in poverty. It permits comparisons both across countries and world regions, and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural area, subnational region, and age group, as well as other key household and community characteristics. For each group and for countries as a whole, the composition of MPI by each of the ten indicators shows how people are poor. - - - **Health** – using two indicators: nutrition, child mortality - - - **Education** – using two indicators: years of schooling, school attendance - - - **Living standards** – using five indicators: cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets. + + This makes the MPI and its linked information platform invaluable as an analytical tool to identify the most vulnerable people – the poorest among the poor, revealing poverty patterns within countries and over time, enabling policy makers to target resources and design policies more effectively. - - Households are assessed as being deprived in a given indicator if they do not meet a certain threshold for that indicator. For instance, a household is deprived in the _Years of schooling_ indicator if no household member has completed six years of schooling. A person is considered deprived in the _Cooking fuel_ indicator if they cook using solid fuel, such as dung, agricultural crops, wood, charcoal, or coal. The thresholds for each indicator are published by OPHI in their (https://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/OPHI_MPI_MN55_2023.pdf). - - - - The individual indicators are not ‘weighted’ equally: When adding up the number of indicators in which a person is deprived, some count for more than others. Health and education indicators are given a weight of 1/6, while the indicators within the living standards dimension are given a weight of 1/18. This means that the three dimensions – health, education and living standards – have an equal weight in the total of one-third each. - - - - If the household survey data being used is missing any of the 10 indicators, that indicator is dropped from the calculation. The weights are then adjusted so that each dimension continues to be given a weight of one-third. MPI poverty estimates are only calculated if at least one indicator in health and education dimensions is available, and if up to four indicators in the living standards dimension are available. - - - - This dataset should be next updated by the source in July 2024. We will update it on Our World in Data soon after the new version is published. At the link above you can directly access the source page and see the latest available data. - - sources: - - - name: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2023), The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023 - - description: |- - - The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute multidimensional poverty covering over 100 developing countries. It complements traditional monetary poverty measures by capturing the acute deprivations in health, education, and living standards that a person faces simultaneously. - - - - #### How is multidimensional poverty defined? - - Being ‘MPI poor’ means that a person is deprived in a third or more of ten indicators, grouped into three dimensions: - - - - - **Health** – using two indicators: nutrition, child mortality - - - **Education** – using two indicators: years of schooling, school attendance - - - **Living standards** – using five indicators: cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets. - - - - Households are assessed as being deprived in a given indicator if they do not meet a certain threshold for that indicator. For instance, a household is deprived in the _Years of schooling_ indicator if no household member has completed six years of schooling. A person is considered deprived in the _Cooking fuel_ indicator if they cook using solid fuel, such as dung, agricultural crops, wood, charcoal, or coal. The thresholds for each indicator are published by OPHI in their (https://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/OPHI_MPI_MN55_2023.pdf). - - - - The individual indicators are not ‘weighted’ equally: When adding up the number of indicators in which a person is deprived, some count for more than others. Health and education indicators are given a weight of 1/6, while the indicators within the living standards dimension are given a weight of 1/18. This means that the three dimensions – health, education and living standards – have an equal weight in the total of one-third each. - - - - If the household survey data being used is missing any of the 10 indicators, that indicator is dropped from the calculation. The weights are then adjusted so that each dimension continues to be given a weight of one-third. MPI poverty estimates are only calculated if at least one indicator in health and education dimensions is available, and if up to four indicators in the living standards dimension are available. - - - - The global MPI was developed by OPHI with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) for inclusion in UNDP’s flagship Human Development Report in 2010. It has been published annually by OPHI and in the HDRs ever since. - - - - This dataset should be next updated by the source in July 2024. We will update it on Our World in Data soon after the new version is published. At the link above you can directly access the source page and see the latest available data. - - url: https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/ - - date_accessed: '2023-07-11' - - publication_date: '2023-07-11' - - published_by: |- - - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2023), 'The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023. Country Results and Methodological Note', OPHI MPI Methodological Note 55, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. - - licenses: - - - name: Oxford Academic License - - url: https://ophi.org.uk/gmpi-2023-faq/ - - version: '2023-07-05' ? ^ - ^^ + + version: '2024-10-28' ? ^ + ^^ + + update_period_days: 365 ~ Table multidimensional_poverty_index (changed metadata) + + title: Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) + + description: |- + + The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute multidimensional poverty covering over 100 developing countries. It complements traditional monetary poverty measures by capturing the acute deprivations in health, education, and living standards that a person faces simultaneously. + + + + The MPI assesses poverty at the individual level. If a person is deprived in a third or more of ten (weighted) indicators, the global MPI identifies them as ‘MPI poor’. The extent – or intensity – of their poverty is also measured through the percentage of deprivations they are experiencing. + + + + The global MPI shows who is poor and how they are poor and can be used to create a comprehensive picture of people living in poverty. It permits comparisons both across countries and world regions, and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural area, subnational region, and age group, as well as other key household and community characteristics. For each group and for countries as a whole, the composition of MPI by each of the ten indicators shows how people are poor. + + + + This makes the MPI and its linked information platform invaluable as an analytical tool to identify the most vulnerable people – the poorest among the poor, revealing poverty patterns within countries and over time, enabling policy makers to target resources and design policies more effectively. + + + + The global MPI was developed by OPHI with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) for inclusion in UNDP’s flagship Human Development Report in 2010. It has been published annually by OPHI and in the HDRs ever since. + + - area + + - flavor + + - indicator ~ Column area (changed metadata, new data, changed data) - - {} + + origins: + + - producer: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa + + title: Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) + + description: |- + + The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute multidimensional poverty covering over 100 developing countries. It complements traditional monetary poverty measures by capturing the acute deprivations in health, education, and living standards that a person faces simultaneously. + + + + The MPI assesses poverty at the individual level. If a person is deprived in a third or more of ten (weighted) indicators, the global MPI identifies them as ‘MPI poor’. The extent – or intensity – of their poverty is also measured through the percentage of deprivations they are experiencing. + + + + The global MPI shows who is poor and how they are poor and can be used to create a comprehensive picture of people living in poverty. It permits comparisons both across countries and world regions, and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural area, subnational region, and age group, as well as other key household and community characteristics. For each group and for countries as a whole, the composition of MPI by each of the ten indicators shows how people are poor. + + + + This makes the MPI and its linked information platform invaluable as an analytical tool to identify the most vulnerable people – the poorest among the poor, revealing poverty patterns within countries and over time, enabling policy makers to target resources and design policies more effectively. + + + + The global MPI was developed by OPHI with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) for inclusion in UNDP’s flagship Human Development Report in 2010. It has been published annually by OPHI and in the HDRs ever since. + + title_snapshot: Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) - Current margin estimates (CME) + + description_snapshot: This dataset contains current margin estimates (CME), based on the most recent survey data. + + citation_full: |- + + - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2024). The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2024. Country Results and Methodological Note. OPHI MPI Methodological Note 58, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2024). The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2024. Disaggregation Results and Methodological Note. OPHI MPI Methodological Note 59, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + attribution: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2024) - The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2024 + + version_producer: 2024 + + url_main: https://ophi.org.uk/global-mpi + + url_download: https://cloud-ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk/index.php/s/eRLL5jGKPLTygYT/download?path=%2F&files=GMPI2024_puf.csv + + date_accessed: '2024-10-28' + + date_published: '2024-10-17' + + license: + + name: CC BY-NC 4.0 + + url: https://ophi.org.uk/global-mpi-frequently-asked-questions + + - producer: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa + + title: Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) + + description: |- + + The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute multidimensional poverty covering over 100 developing countries. It complements traditional monetary poverty measures by capturing the acute deprivations in health, education, and living standards that a person faces simultaneously. + + + + The MPI assesses poverty at the individual level. If a person is deprived in a third or more of ten (weighted) indicators, the global MPI identifies them as ‘MPI poor’. The extent – or intensity – of their poverty is also measured through the percentage of deprivations they are experiencing. + + + + The global MPI shows who is poor and how they are poor and can be used to create a comprehensive picture of people living in poverty. It permits comparisons both across countries and world regions, and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural area, subnational region, and age group, as well as other key household and community characteristics. For each group and for countries as a whole, the composition of MPI by each of the ten indicators shows how people are poor. + + + + This makes the MPI and its linked information platform invaluable as an analytical tool to identify the most vulnerable people – the poorest among the poor, revealing poverty patterns within countries and over time, enabling policy makers to target resources and design policies more effectively. + + + + The global MPI was developed by OPHI with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) for inclusion in UNDP’s flagship Human Development Report in 2010. It has been published annually by OPHI and in the HDRs ever since. + + title_snapshot: Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) - Harmonized over time (HOT) + + description_snapshot: |- + + This dataset contains harmonized over time (HOT) estimates. This harmonization seeks to make two or more MPI estimations comparable by aligning the indicator definitions in each survey. + + citation_full: |- + + - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2024). A methodological note on the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2024 changes over time results for 86 countries. OPHI MPI Methodological Note 60, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2024). The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2024. Disaggregation Results and Methodological Note. OPHI MPI Methodological Note 59, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + attribution: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2024) - The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2024 + + version_producer: 2024 + + url_main: https://ophi.org.uk/global-mpi + + url_download: https://cloud-ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk/index.php/s/eRLL5jGKPLTygYT/download?path=%2F&files=GMPI_HOT_2024_puf.csv + + date_accessed: '2024-10-28' + + date_published: '2024-10-17' + + license: + + name: CC BY-NC 4.0 + + url: https://ophi.org.uk/global-mpi-frequently-asked-questions + + New values: 10906 / 11145 (97.86%) area Rural Rural Urban Rural Rural ~ Changed values: 239 / 11145 (2.14%) area - area + NaN Rural NaN National NaN Rural NaN National NaN National ~ Column censored_headcount_ratio (changed metadata, new data, changed data) - - {} + + title: Share of the multidimensionally poor population deprived in the indicator <> (<>) - <> + + description_short: |- + + Multidimensional poverty is defined as being deprived in a range of health, education and living standards indicators. This is the share of the multidimensionally poor population deprived in the indicator <>.<% if area == "Urban" %> + + This indicator is calculated for urban areas. + + <% elif area == "Rural" %> + + This indicator is calculated for rural areas. + + <% elif area == "Camp" %> + + This indicator is calculated for populations within refugee camps (available only for Palestine). + + <%- endif -%> + + description_from_producer: |- + + The global MPI is a measure of acute poverty covering over 100 countries in the developing regions of the world. This measure is based on the dual-cutoff counting approach to poverty developed by Alkire and Foster (2011). The global MPI was developed in 2010 by Alkire and Santos (2014, 2010) in collaboration with the UNDP’s Human Development Report Office (HDRO). Since its inception, the global MPI has used information from 10 indicators, which are grouped into three equally weighted dimensions: health, education, and living standards. These dimensions are the same as those used in the UNDP’s Human Development Index. + + + + In 2018, the first major revision of the global MPI was undertaken, considering improvements in survey microdata and better align to the 2030 development agenda insofar as possible (Alkire and Jahan, 2018; OPHI, 2018). The revision consisted of adjustments in the definition of five out of the ten indicators, namely child mortality, nutrition, years of schooling, housing and assets. Alkire, Kanagaratnam, Nogales and Suppa (2022) provide a comprehensive analysis of the consequences of the 2018 revision. The normative and empirical decisions that underlie the revision of the global MPI, and adjustments related to the child mortality, nutrition, years of schooling and housing indicators are discussed in Alkire and Kanagaratnam (2021). The revision of assets indicator is detailed in Vollmer and Alkire (2022). + + + + The global MPI begins by establishing a deprivation profile for each person, showing which of the 10 indicators they are deprived in. Each person is identified as deprived or non-deprived in each indicator based on a deprivation cutoff. In the case of health and education, each household member may be identified as deprived or not deprived according to available information for other household members. For example, if any household member for whom data exist is undernourished, each person in that household is considered deprived in nutrition. Taking this approach – which was required by the data – does not reveal intrahousehold disparities, but is intuitive and assumes shared positive (or negative) effects of achieving (or not achieving) certain outcomes. Next, looking across indicators, each person’s deprivation score is constructed by adding up the weights of the indicators in which they are deprived. The indicators use a nested weight structure: equal weights across dimensions and an equal weight for each indicator within a dimension. The normalised indicator weight structure of the global MPI means that the living standard indicators receive lower weight than health and education related indicators because from a policy perspective, each of the three dimensions is of roughly equal normative importance. + + + + In the global MPI, a person is identified as multidimensionally poor or MPI poor if they are deprived in at least one-third of the weighted MPI indicators. In other words, a person is MPI poor if the person’s deprivation score is equal to or higher than the poverty cutoff of 33.33 percent. After the poverty identification step, we aggregate across individuals to obtain the incidence of poverty or headcount ratio (H) which represents the percentage of poor people in the population. We then compute the intensity of poverty (A), representing the average percentage of weighted deprivations experienced by the poor. We then compute the adjusted poverty headcount ratio (M0) or MPI by combining H and A in a multiplicative form (MPI = H x A). + + + + Both the incidence and the intensity of these deprivations are highly relevant pieces of information for poverty measurement. The incidence of poverty is intuitive and understandable by anyone. People always want to know how many poor people there are in a society as a proportion of the whole population. Media tend to pick up on the incidence of poverty easily. Yet, the proportion of poor people as the headline figure is not enough (Alkire, Oldiges and Kanagaratnam, 2021). + + + + A headcount ratio is also estimated using two other poverty cutoffs. The global MPI identifies individuals as vulnerable to poverty if they are close to the one-third threshold, that is, if they are deprived in 20 to 33.32 percent of weighted indicators. The tables also apply a higher poverty cutoff to identify those in severe poverty, meaning those deprived in 50 percent or more of the dimensions. + + + + The AF methodology has a property that makes the global MPI even more useful—dimensional breakdown. This property makes it possible to consistently compute the percentage of the population who are multidimensionally poor and simultaneously deprived in each indicator. This is known as the censored headcount ratio of an indicator. The weighted sum of censored headcount ratios of all MPI indicators is equal to the MPI value. + + + + The censored headcount ratio shows the extent of deprivations among the poor but does not reflect the weights or relative values of the indicators. Two indicators may have the same censored headcount ratios but different contributions to overall poverty, because the contribution depends both on the censored headcount ratio and on the weight assigned to each indicator. As such, a complementary analysis to the censored headcount ratio is the percentage contribution of each indicator to overall multidimensional poverty. + + description_key: + + - |- + + Being _MPI poor_ means that a person is deprived in a third or more of ten indicators, grouped into three dimensions: **health** (using two indicators: nutrition, child mortality), **education** (using two indicators: years of schooling, school attendance) and **living standards** (using five indicators: cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets). + + - |- + + A person in a household is deprived in the indicator _<>_ if <% if indicator == "Nutrition" %> + + any person under 70 years of age for whom there is nutritional information is undernourished. This indicator is part of the _health_ dimension. + + <% elif indicator == "Child mortality" %> + + a child under 18 has died in the household in the five-year period preceding the survey. This indicator is part of the _health_ dimension. + + <% elif indicator == "Years of schooling" %> + + no eligible household member has completed six years of schooling. This indicator is part of the _education_ dimension. + + <% elif indicator == "School attendance" %> + + any school-aged child is not attending school up to the age at which he/she would complete class 8. This indicator is part of the _education_ dimension. + + <% elif indicator == "Cooking fuel" %> + + a household cooks using solid fuel, such as dung, agricultural crop, shrubs, wood, charcoal, or coal. This indicator is part of the _living standards_ dimension. + + <% elif indicator == "Sanitation" %> + + the household has unimproved or no sanitation facility or it is improved but shared with other households. This indicator is part of the _living standards_ dimension. + + <% elif indicator == "Drinking water" %> + + the household’s source of drinking water is not safe or safe drinking water is a 30-minute or longer walk from home, roundtrip. This indicator is part of the _living standards_ dimension. + + <% elif indicator == "Electricity" %> + + the household has no electricity. This indicator is part of the _living standards_ dimension. + + <% elif indicator == "Housing" %> + + the household has inadequate housing materials in any of the three components: floor, roof, or walls. This indicator is part of the _living standards_ dimension. + + <% elif indicator == "Assets" %> + + the household does not own more than one of these assets: radio, TV, telephone, computer, animal cart, bicycle, motorbike, or refrigerator, and does not own a car or truck. This indicator is part of the _living standards_ dimension. + + <%- endif -%> + + - |- + + <% if flavor == "Current margin estimate" %> + + This variable is a current margin estimate (CME), based on the most recent survey data. Look for the harmonized over time (HOT) estimate to see trends over time. + + <% elif flavor == "Harmonized over time" %> + + This variable is a harmonized over time (HOT) estimate. This harmonization seeks to make two or more MPI estimations comparable by aligning the indicator definitions in each survey. Look for the current margin estimate (CME) to see the most recent survey data. + + <%- endif -%> + + origins: + + - producer: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa + + title: Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) + + description: |- + + The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute multidimensional poverty covering over 100 developing countries. It complements traditional monetary poverty measures by capturing the acute deprivations in health, education, and living standards that a person faces simultaneously. + + + + The MPI assesses poverty at the individual level. If a person is deprived in a third or more of ten (weighted) indicators, the global MPI identifies them as ‘MPI poor’. The extent – or intensity – of their poverty is also measured through the percentage of deprivations they are experiencing. + + + + The global MPI shows who is poor and how they are poor and can be used to create a comprehensive picture of people living in poverty. It permits comparisons both across countries and world regions, and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural area, subnational region, and age group, as well as other key household and community characteristics. For each group and for countries as a whole, the composition of MPI by each of the ten indicators shows how people are poor. + + + + This makes the MPI and its linked information platform invaluable as an analytical tool to identify the most vulnerable people – the poorest among the poor, revealing poverty patterns within countries and over time, enabling policy makers to target resources and design policies more effectively. + + + + The global MPI was developed by OPHI with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) for inclusion in UNDP’s flagship Human Development Report in 2010. It has been published annually by OPHI and in the HDRs ever since. + + title_snapshot: Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) - Current margin estimates (CME) + + description_snapshot: This dataset contains current margin estimates (CME), based on the most recent survey data. + + citation_full: |- + + - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2024). The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2024. Country Results and Methodological Note. OPHI MPI Methodological Note 58, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2024). The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2024. Disaggregation Results and Methodological Note. OPHI MPI Methodological Note 59, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + attribution: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2024) - The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2024 + + version_producer: 2024 + + url_main: https://ophi.org.uk/global-mpi + + url_download: https://cloud-ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk/index.php/s/eRLL5jGKPLTygYT/download?path=%2F&files=GMPI2024_puf.csv + + date_accessed: '2024-10-28' + + date_published: '2024-10-17' + + license: + + name: CC BY-NC 4.0 + + url: https://ophi.org.uk/global-mpi-frequently-asked-questions + + - producer: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa + + title: Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) + + description: |- + + The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute multidimensional poverty covering over 100 developing countries. It complements traditional monetary poverty measures by capturing the acute deprivations in health, education, and living standards that a person faces simultaneously. + + + + The MPI assesses poverty at the individual level. If a person is deprived in a third or more of ten (weighted) indicators, the global MPI identifies them as ‘MPI poor’. The extent – or intensity – of their poverty is also measured through the percentage of deprivations they are experiencing. + + + + The global MPI shows who is poor and how they are poor and can be used to create a comprehensive picture of people living in poverty. It permits comparisons both across countries and world regions, and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural area, subnational region, and age group, as well as other key household and community characteristics. For each group and for countries as a whole, the composition of MPI by each of the ten indicators shows how people are poor. + + + + This makes the MPI and its linked information platform invaluable as an analytical tool to identify the most vulnerable people – the poorest among the poor, revealing poverty patterns within countries and over time, enabling policy makers to target resources and design policies more effectively. + + + + The global MPI was developed by OPHI with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) for inclusion in UNDP’s flagship Human Development Report in 2010. It has been published annually by OPHI and in the HDRs ever since. + + title_snapshot: Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) - Harmonized over time (HOT) + + description_snapshot: |- + + This dataset contains harmonized over time (HOT) estimates. This harmonization seeks to make two or more MPI estimations comparable by aligning the indicator definitions in each survey. + + citation_full: |- + + - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2024). A methodological note on the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2024 changes over time results for 86 countries. OPHI MPI Methodological Note 60, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2024). The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2024. Disaggregation Results and Methodological Note. OPHI MPI Methodological Note 59, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + attribution: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2024) - The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2024 + + version_producer: 2024 + + url_main: https://ophi.org.uk/global-mpi + + url_download: https://cloud-ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk/index.php/s/eRLL5jGKPLTygYT/download?path=%2F&files=GMPI_HOT_2024_puf.csv + + date_accessed: '2024-10-28' + + date_published: '2024-10-17' + + license: + + name: CC BY-NC 4.0 + + url: https://ophi.org.uk/global-mpi-frequently-asked-questions + + unit: '%' + + short_unit: '%' + + display: + + tolerance: 12 + + name: Share of the multidimensionally poor population deprived in the indicator <> + + numDecimalPlaces: 1 + + processing_level: minor + + presentation: + + title_public: Share of the multidimensionally poor population deprived in the indicator <> + + title_variant: <>, <> + + topic_tags: + + - Poverty + + New values: 10906 / 11145 (97.86%) censored_headcount_ratio 10.302482 64.685661 3.855115 30.108660 8.940089 ~ Changed values: 218 / 11145 (1.96%) censored_headcount_ratio - censored_headcount_ratio + NaN 51.165649 NaN 46.691322 NaN 1.319503 NaN 0.479091 NaN 0.227118 ~ Column cme_intensity_camp (changed metadata, new data, changed data) + + {} - - title: Intensity of multidimensional poverty (camp) - Current margin estimate - - description: |- - - *This variable is a current margin estimate (CME), based on the most recent survey data. Look for the harmonized over time (HOT) estimate to see trends over time.* - - - - Intensity of multidimensional poverty among populations within refugee camps, according to the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) (available only for Palestine). - - - - #### How is multidimensional poverty defined? - - - - Being ‘MPI poor’ means that a person is deprived in a third or more of ten indicators, grouped into three dimensions: - - - - * **Health** – using two indicators: nutrition, child mortality - - * **Education** – using two indicators: years of schooling, school attendance - - * **Living standards** – using five indicators: cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets. - - - - Households are assessed as being deprived in a given indicator if they do not meet a certain threshold for that indicator. For instance, a household is deprived in the _Years of schooling_ indicator if no household member has completed six years of schooling. A person is considered deprived in the _Cooking fuel_ indicator if they cook using solid fuel, such as dung, agricultural crops, wood, charcoal, or coal. The thresholds for each indicator are published by OPHI in their (https://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/OPHI_MPI_MN55_2023.pdf). - - - - The individual indicators are not ‘weighted’ equally: When adding up the number of indicators in which a person is deprived, some count for more than others. Health and education indicators are given a weight of 1/6, while the indicators within the living standards dimension are given a weight of 1/18. This means that the three dimensions – health, education and living standards – have an equal weight in the total of one-third each. - - - - If the household survey data being used is missing any of the 10 indicators, that indicator is dropped from the calculation. The weights are then adjusted so that each dimension continues to be given a weight of one-third. MPI poverty estimates are only calculated if at least one indicator in health and education dimensions is available, and if up to four indicators in the living standards dimension are available. - - - - The intensity of multidimensional poverty is calculated as the average share of indicators in which those counted as MPI poor are deprived (using the same weights to calculate the average). This is an important complementary measure to the share of the population who are MPI poor (the 'incidence' of MPI poverty). An example given by the researchers who calculate the MPI data serves to illustrate this well: - - - - 'Imagine two countries: in both, 30 percent of people are poor (incidence). Judged by this piece of information, these two countries are equally poor. However, imagine that in one of the two countries poor people are deprived—on average—in one-third of the dimensions, whereas in the other country, the poor are deprived—on average—in two-thirds. By combining the two pieces of information - the intensity of deprivations and the proportion of poor people - we know that these two countries are not equally poor, but rather that the second is poorer than the first because the intensity of poverty is higher.' - - unit: '%' - - short_unit: '%' - - display: - - name: Intensity of multidimensional poverty (camp) - - numDecimalPlaces: 1 - - sources: - - - name: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2023), The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023 - - url: https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/ - - published_by: |- - - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2023), 'The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023. Dissagregation Results and Methodological Note', OPHI MPI Methodological Note 56, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + New values: 10906 / 11145 (97.86%) cme_intensity_camp NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN ~ Changed values: 1 / 11145 (0.01%) cme_intensity_camp - cme_intensity_camp + 33.333332 NaN ~ Column cme_intensity_national (changed metadata, new data, changed data) + + {} - - title: Intensity of multidimensional poverty (national) - Current margin estimate - - description: |- - - *This variable is a current margin estimate (CME), based on the most recent survey data. Look for the harmonized over time (HOT) estimate to see trends over time.* - - - - Intensity of multidimensional poverty according to the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). - - - - #### How is multidimensional poverty defined? - - - - Being ‘MPI poor’ means that a person is deprived in a third or more of ten indicators, grouped into three dimensions: - - - - * **Health** – using two indicators: nutrition, child mortality - - * **Education** – using two indicators: years of schooling, school attendance - - * **Living standards** – using five indicators: cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets. - - - - Households are assessed as being deprived in a given indicator if they do not meet a certain threshold for that indicator. For instance, a household is deprived in the _Years of schooling_ indicator if no household member has completed six years of schooling. A person is considered deprived in the _Cooking fuel_ indicator if they cook using solid fuel, such as dung, agricultural crops, wood, charcoal, or coal. The thresholds for each indicator are published by OPHI in their (https://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/OPHI_MPI_MN55_2023.pdf). - - - - The individual indicators are not ‘weighted’ equally: When adding up the number of indicators in which a person is deprived, some count for more than others. Health and education indicators are given a weight of 1/6, while the indicators within the living standards dimension are given a weight of 1/18. This means that the three dimensions – health, education and living standards – have an equal weight in the total of one-third each. - - - - If the household survey data being used is missing any of the 10 indicators, that indicator is dropped from the calculation. The weights are then adjusted so that each dimension continues to be given a weight of one-third. MPI poverty estimates are only calculated if at least one indicator in health and education dimensions is available, and if up to four indicators in the living standards dimension are available. - - - - The intensity of multidimensional poverty is calculated as the average share of indicators in which those counted as MPI poor are deprived (using the same weights to calculate the average). This is an important complementary measure to the share of the population who are MPI poor (the 'incidence' of MPI poverty). An example given by the researchers who calculate the MPI data serves to illustrate this well: - - - - 'Imagine two countries: in both, 30 percent of people are poor (incidence). Judged by this piece of information, these two countries are equally poor. However, imagine that in one of the two countries poor people are deprived—on average—in one-third of the dimensions, whereas in the other country, the poor are deprived—on average—in two-thirds. By combining the two pieces of information - the intensity of deprivations and the proportion of poor people - we know that these two countries are not equally poor, but rather that the second is poorer than the first because the intensity of poverty is higher.' - - unit: '%' - - short_unit: '%' - - display: - - name: Intensity of multidimensional poverty - - numDecimalPlaces: 1 - - sources: - - - name: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2023), The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023 - - url: https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/ - - published_by: |- - - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2023), 'The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023. Country Results and Methodological Note', OPHI MPI Methodological Note 55, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + New values: 10906 / 11145 (97.86%) cme_intensity_national NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN ~ Changed values: 110 / 11145 (0.99%) cme_intensity_national - cme_intensity_national + 39.172626 NaN 41.670380 NaN 37.121643 NaN 34.972580 NaN 38.101536 NaN ~ Column cme_intensity_rural (changed metadata, new data, changed data) + + {} - - title: Intensity of multidimensional poverty (rural) - Current margin estimate - - description: |- - - *This variable is a current margin estimate (CME), based on the most recent survey data. Look for the harmonized over time (HOT) estimate to see trends over time.* - - - - Intensity of multidimensional poverty among the rural population, according to the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). - - - - #### How is multidimensional poverty defined? - - - - Being ‘MPI poor’ means that a person is deprived in a third or more of ten indicators, grouped into three dimensions: - - - - * **Health** – using two indicators: nutrition, child mortality - - * **Education** – using two indicators: years of schooling, school attendance - - * **Living standards** – using five indicators: cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets. - - - - Households are assessed as being deprived in a given indicator if they do not meet a certain threshold for that indicator. For instance, a household is deprived in the _Years of schooling_ indicator if no household member has completed six years of schooling. A person is considered deprived in the _Cooking fuel_ indicator if they cook using solid fuel, such as dung, agricultural crops, wood, charcoal, or coal. The thresholds for each indicator are published by OPHI in their (https://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/OPHI_MPI_MN55_2023.pdf). - - - - The individual indicators are not ‘weighted’ equally: When adding up the number of indicators in which a person is deprived, some count for more than others. Health and education indicators are given a weight of 1/6, while the indicators within the living standards dimension are given a weight of 1/18. This means that the three dimensions – health, education and living standards – have an equal weight in the total of one-third each. - - - - If the household survey data being used is missing any of the 10 indicators, that indicator is dropped from the calculation. The weights are then adjusted so that each dimension continues to be given a weight of one-third. MPI poverty estimates are only calculated if at least one indicator in health and education dimensions is available, and if up to four indicators in the living standards dimension are available. - - - - The intensity of multidimensional poverty is calculated as the average share of indicators in which those counted as MPI poor are deprived (using the same weights to calculate the average). This is an important complementary measure to the share of the population who are MPI poor (the 'incidence' of MPI poverty). An example given by the researchers who calculate the MPI data serves to illustrate this well: - - - - 'Imagine two countries: in both, 30 percent of people are poor (incidence). Judged by this piece of information, these two countries are equally poor. However, imagine that in one of the two countries poor people are deprived—on average—in one-third of the dimensions, whereas in the other country, the poor are deprived—on average—in two-thirds. By combining the two pieces of information - the intensity of deprivations and the proportion of poor people - we know that these two countries are not equally poor, but rather that the second is poorer than the first because the intensity of poverty is higher.' - - unit: '%' - - short_unit: '%' - - display: - - name: Intensity of multidimensional poverty (rural) - - numDecimalPlaces: 1 - - sources: - - - name: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2023), The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023 - - url: https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/ - - published_by: |- - - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2023), 'The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023. Dissagregation Results and Methodological Note', OPHI MPI Methodological Note 56, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + New values: 10906 / 11145 (97.86%) cme_intensity_rural NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN ~ Changed values: 108 / 11145 (0.97%) cme_intensity_rural - cme_intensity_rural + 40.344971 NaN 38.954094 NaN 38.551762 NaN 46.636219 NaN 38.101536 NaN ~ Column cme_intensity_urban (changed metadata, new data, changed data) + + {} - - title: Intensity of multidimensional poverty (urban) - Current margin estimate - - description: |- - - *This variable is a current margin estimate (CME), based on the most recent survey data. Look for the harmonized over time (HOT) estimate to see trends over time.* - - - - Intensity of multidimensional poverty among the urban population, according to the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). - - - - #### How is multidimensional poverty defined? - - - - Being ‘MPI poor’ means that a person is deprived in a third or more of ten indicators, grouped into three dimensions: - - - - * **Health** – using two indicators: nutrition, child mortality - - * **Education** – using two indicators: years of schooling, school attendance - - * **Living standards** – using five indicators: cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets. - - - - Households are assessed as being deprived in a given indicator if they do not meet a certain threshold for that indicator. For instance, a household is deprived in the _Years of schooling_ indicator if no household member has completed six years of schooling. A person is considered deprived in the _Cooking fuel_ indicator if they cook using solid fuel, such as dung, agricultural crops, wood, charcoal, or coal. The thresholds for each indicator are published by OPHI in their (https://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/OPHI_MPI_MN55_2023.pdf). - - - - The individual indicators are not ‘weighted’ equally: When adding up the number of indicators in which a person is deprived, some count for more than others. Health and education indicators are given a weight of 1/6, while the indicators within the living standards dimension are given a weight of 1/18. This means that the three dimensions – health, education and living standards – have an equal weight in the total of one-third each. - - - - If the household survey data being used is missing any of the 10 indicators, that indicator is dropped from the calculation. The weights are then adjusted so that each dimension continues to be given a weight of one-third. MPI poverty estimates are only calculated if at least one indicator in health and education dimensions is available, and if up to four indicators in the living standards dimension are available. - - - - The intensity of multidimensional poverty is calculated as the average share of indicators in which those counted as MPI poor are deprived (using the same weights to calculate the average). This is an important complementary measure to the share of the population who are MPI poor (the 'incidence' of MPI poverty). An example given by the researchers who calculate the MPI data serves to illustrate this well: - - - - 'Imagine two countries: in both, 30 percent of people are poor (incidence). Judged by this piece of information, these two countries are equally poor. However, imagine that in one of the two countries poor people are deprived—on average—in one-third of the dimensions, whereas in the other country, the poor are deprived—on average—in two-thirds. By combining the two pieces of information - the intensity of deprivations and the proportion of poor people - we know that these two countries are not equally poor, but rather that the second is poorer than the first because the intensity of poverty is higher.' - - unit: '%' - - short_unit: '%' - - display: - - name: Intensity of multidimensional poverty (urban) - - numDecimalPlaces: 1 - - sources: - - - name: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2023), The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023 - - url: https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/ - - published_by: |- - - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2023), 'The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023. Dissagregation Results and Methodological Note', OPHI MPI Methodological Note 56, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + New values: 10906 / 11145 (97.86%) cme_intensity_urban NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN ~ Changed values: 106 / 11145 (0.95%) cme_intensity_urban - cme_intensity_urban + 36.349964 NaN 36.247993 NaN 34.680786 NaN 43.011623 NaN 33.553127 NaN ~ Column cme_mpi_camp (changed metadata, new data, changed data) + + {} - - title: MPI (camp) - Current margin estimate - - description: |- - - *This variable is a current margin estimate (CME), based on the most recent survey data. Look for the harmonized over time (HOT) estimate to see trends over time.* - - - - Multidimensional Poverty Index among populations within refugee camps (available only for Palestine). - - - - The Multidimensional Poverty Index is obtained by multiplying two values: the share of people who are multidimensionally (MPI) poor and the intensity of multidimensional poverty among the MPI poor. A larger figure represents a higher level of poverty. - - - - #### How is multidimensional poverty defined? - - - - Being ‘MPI poor’ means that a person is deprived in a third or more of ten indicators, grouped into three dimensions: - - - - * **Health** – using two indicators: nutrition, child mortality - - * **Education** – using two indicators: years of schooling, school attendance - - * **Living standards** – using five indicators: cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets. - - - - Households are assessed as being deprived in a given indicator if they do not meet a certain threshold for that indicator. For instance, a household is deprived in the _Years of schooling_ indicator if no household member has completed six years of schooling. A person is considered deprived in the _Cooking fuel_ indicator if they cook using solid fuel, such as dung, agricultural crops, wood, charcoal, or coal. The thresholds for each indicator are published by OPHI in their (https://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/OPHI_MPI_MN55_2023.pdf). - - - - The individual indicators are not ‘weighted’ equally: When adding up the number of indicators in which a person is deprived, some count for more than others. Health and education indicators are given a weight of 1/6, while the indicators within the living standards dimension are given a weight of 1/18. This means that the three dimensions – health, education and living standards – have an equal weight in the total of one-third each. - - - - If the household survey data being used is missing any of the 10 indicators, that indicator is dropped from the calculation. The weights are then adjusted so that each dimension continues to be given a weight of one-third. MPI poverty estimates are only calculated if at least one indicator in health and education dimensions is available, and if up to four indicators in the living standards dimension are available. - - - - The intensity of multidimensional poverty is calculated as the average share of indicators in which those counted as MPI poor are deprived (using the same weights to calculate the average). This is an important complementary measure to the share of the population who are MPI poor (the 'incidence' of MPI poverty). An example given by the researchers who calculate the MPI data serves to illustrate this well: - - - - 'Imagine two countries: in both, 30 percent of people are poor (incidence). Judged by this piece of information, these two countries are equally poor. However, imagine that in one of the two countries poor people are deprived—on average—in one-third of the dimensions, whereas in the other country, the poor are deprived—on average—in two-thirds. By combining the two pieces of information - the intensity of deprivations and the proportion of poor people - we know that these two countries are not equally poor, but rather that the second is poorer than the first because the intensity of poverty is higher.' - - - - The Multidimensional Poverty Index, being the product of the incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty, reflects both. - - unit: '' - - short_unit: '' - - display: - - name: MPI (camp) - - numDecimalPlaces: 3 - - sources: - - - name: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2023), The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023 - - url: https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/ - - published_by: |- - - Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2023), 'The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023. Dissagregation Results and Methodological Note', OPHI MPI Methodological Note 56, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. + + New values: 10906 / 11145 (97.86%) cme_mpi_camp NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN ~ Changed values: 1 / 11145 (0.01%) cme_mpi_camp - cme_mpi_camp + 0.001241 NaN ~ Column cme_mpi_national (changed metadata, new data, changed data) + + {} - - title: MPI (national) - Current margin estimate - - description: |- - - *This variable is a current margin estimate (CME), based on the most recent survey data. Look for the harmonized over time (HOT) estimate to see trends over time.* - - - - Multidimensional Poverty Index. - - - - The Multidimensional Poverty Index is obtained by multiplying two values: the share of people who are multidimensionally (MPI) poor and the intensity of multidimensional poverty among the MPI poor. A larger figure represents a higher level of poverty. - - - - #### How is multidimensional poverty defined? - - - - Being ‘MPI poor’ means that a person is deprived in a third or more of ten indicators, grouped into three dimensions: - - - - * **Health** – using two indicators: nutrition, child mortality - - * **Education** – using two indicators: years of schooling, school attendance - - * **Living standards** – using five indicators: cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets. - - - - Households are assessed as being deprived in a given indicator if they do not meet a certain threshold for that indicator. For instance, a household is deprived in the _Years of schooling_ indicator if no household member has completed six years of schooling. A person is considered deprived in the _Cooking fuel_ indicator if they cook using solid f ...diff too long, truncated... ``` Automatically updated datasets matching _weekly_wildfires|excess_mortality|covid|fluid|flunet|country_profile|garden/ihme_gbd/2019/gbd_risk_ are not included

Edited: 2024-11-08 16:51:06 UTC Execution time: 4.73 seconds

paarriagadap commented 3 weeks ago

Hi @Marigold! I was modifying the name of some variables and I found the error you see here:

sqlalchemy.exc.IntegrityError: (pymysql.err.IntegrityError) (1062, "Duplicate entry 'grapher/ophi/2024-10-28/multidimensional_poverty_index/multidime' for key 'variables.idx_catalogPath'")

But I don't see I created repeated indicators, for example. Now I can't build the dataset and I get this:

sqlalchemy.exc.MultipleResultsFound: Multiple rows were found when one or none was required

I see the dataset is now empty. Do you know why? Thanks!

Seems like the dataset got corrupted because of an interrupted process or something along these lines.

paarriagadap commented 3 weeks ago

@Marigold Maybe this is similar to what you've found here? I did see that before this failing the origins multiplied, and there where a lot (only two should show up)

Marigold commented 3 weeks ago

@paarriagadap sorry, it was caused by recent migration in MySQL. I merged with master and it should work now.

paarriagadap commented 3 weeks ago

Thank you @spoonerf!