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The declension algorithm can be based on the last pada as it is presented in lexnorm-all2. Adjustments have been made to the 'key2' form in lexnorm-all2 so that in all cases this last pada is one of the following (as per file inputs/nominals/data_aYc.py):
yaYc IcI
vaYc UcI
tiryaYc tiraScI
daYc dIcI
AYc AcI
gavAYc gocI
prAYc prAcI
uruvyaYc urUcI
To understand this list, consider pratyaYc ('turned towards').
From the entry in lexnorm-all2 is: 133872 pratyaYc prat-yaYc m:f:n
, the last pada is yaYc
.
From the file above, the last pada of the feminine form is 'IcI'. These two pieces of information
allow us to form the declension, as will be described next.
Incidentally, the feminine form is derived by replacing the last pada with the feminine ending. For example, pratIcI.
The irregular feminine forms for gavAYc and uruvyaYc are taken from MW's entries.
Case | S | D | P |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | N | YcO | YcaH |
Accusative | Ycam | YcO | caH |
nstrumental | cA | gByAm | gBiH |
Dative | ce | gByAm | gByaH |
Ablative | caH | gByAm | gByaH |
Genitive | caH | coH | cAm |
Locative | ci | coH | kzu |
Vocative | N | YcO | YcaH |
Case | S | D | P |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | k | cI | Yci |
ccusative | k | cI | Yci |
Instrumental | cA | gByAm | gBiH |
Dative | ce | gByAm | gByaH |
blative | caH | gByAm | gByaH |
Genitive | caH | coH | cAm |
Locative | ci | coH | kzu |
Vocative | k | cI | Yci |
There are two slightly different bases required to form the declensions using the above endings in the masculine and neuter.
This so-called 'weak' base is formed from the feminine:
This so-called 'strong' base is formed by dropping the ending 'Yc' from the last pada.
Example: last pada = 'yaYc' . corresponding feminine ending 'IcI' weak base: I strong base: ya
Example: last pada = 'vaYc', corresponding feminine ending 'UcI' weak base: U strong base: va
Example: last pada = 'AYc'. corresponding feminine ending 'AcI' weak base: A strong base: A
The usual descriptions of the declensions of the adjectives of direction (such as in Deshpande, Kale), use three bases, which are called strong, middle, and weak. These are different from the terms above. However, our weak base combines the the same endings classified as weak in the standard description, and our strong base combines with the combined strong and middle endings of the standard description.
prat-yaYc` is the pada designation.
Case | S | D | P |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | pratya + N = pratyaN | pratya + YcO = pratyaYcO | pratya + YcaH = pratyaYcaH |
Accusative | pratya + Ycam = pratyaYcam | pratya + YcO = pratyaYcO | pratI + caH = pratIcaH |
Instrumental | pratI + cA = pratIcA | pratya + gByAm = pratyagByAm | pratya + gBiH = pratyagBiH |
Dative | pratI + ce = pratIce | pratya + gByAm = pratyagByAm | pratya + gByaH = pratyagByaH |
Ablative | pratI + caH = pratIcaH | pratya + gByAm = pratyagByAm | pratya + gByaH = pratyagByaH |
Genitive | pratI + caH = pratIcaH | pratI + coH = pratIcoH | pratI + cAm = pratIcAm |
Locative | pratI + ci = pratIci | pratI + coH = pratIcoH | pratya + kzu = pratyakzu |
Vocative | pratya + N = pratyaN | pratya + YcO = pratyaYcO | pratya + YcaH = pratyaYcaH |
'viz-vaYc' is the pada designation
Case | S | D | P |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | vizva + N = vizvaN | vizva + YcO = vizvaYcO | vizva + YcaH = vizvaYcaH |
Accusative | vizva + Ycam = vizvaYcam | vizva + YcO = vizvaYcO | vizU + caH = vizUcaH |
Instrumental | vizU + cA = vizUcA | vizva + gByAm = vizvagByAm | vizva + gBiH = vizvagBiH |
Dative | vizU + ce = vizUce | vizva + gByAm = vizvagByAm | vizva + gByaH = vizvagByaH |
Ablative | vizU + caH = vizUcaH | vizva + gByAm = vizvagByAm | vizva + gByaH = vizvagByaH |
Genitive | vizU + caH = vizUcaH | vizU + coH = vizUcoH | vizU + cAm = vizUcAm |
Locative | vizU + ci = vizUci | vizU + coH = vizUcoH | vizva + kzu = vizvakzu |
Vocative | vizva + N = vizvaN | vizva + YcO = vizvaYcO | vizva + YcaH = vizvaYcaH |
Case | S | D | P |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | prA + N = prAN | prA + YcO = prAYcO | prA + YcaH = prAYcaH |
Accusative | prA + Ycam = prAYcam | prA + YcO = prAYcO | prA + caH = prAcaH |
Instrumental | prA + cA = prAcA | prA + gByAm = prAgByAm | prA + gBiH = prAgBiH |
Dative | prA + ce = prAce | prA + gByAm = prAgByAm | prA + gByaH = prAgByaH |
Ablative | prA + caH = prAcaH | prA + gByAm = prAgByAm | prA + gByaH = prAgByaH |
Genitive | prA + caH = prAcaH | prA + coH = prAcoH | prA + cAm = prAcAm |
Locative | prA + ci = prAci | prA + coH = prAcoH | prA + kzu = prAkzu |
Vocative | prA + N = prAN | prA + YcO = prAYcO | prA + YcaH = prAYcaH |
'tiryaYc' is the pada designation.
Case | S | D | P |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | tirya + N = tiryaN | tirya + YcO = tiryaYcO | tirya + YcaH = tiryaYcaH |
Accusative | tirya + Ycam = tiryaYcam | tirya + YcO = tiryaYcO | tiraS + caH = tiraScaH |
Instrumental | tiraS + cA = tiraScA | tirya + gByAm = tiryagByAm | tirya + gBiH = tiryagBiH |
Dative | tiraS + ce = tiraSce | tirya + gByAm = tiryagByAm | tirya + gByaH = tiryagByaH |
Ablative | tiraS + caH = tiraScaH | tirya + gByAm = tiryagByAm | tirya + gByaH = tiryagByaH |
Genitive | tiraS + caH = tiraScaH | tiraS + coH = tiraScoH | tiraS + cAm = tiraScAm |
Locative | tiraS + ci = tiraSci | tiraS + coH = tiraScoH | tirya + kzu = tiryakzu |
Vocative | tirya + N = tiryaN | tirya + YcO = tiryaYcO | tirya + YcaH = tiryaYcaH |
'prat-yaYc' is the pada designation
Case | S | D | P |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | pratya + k = pratyak | pratI + cI = pratIcI | pratya + Yci = pratyaYci |
Accusative | pratya + k = pratyak | pratI + cI = pratIcI | pratya + Yci = pratyaYci |
Instrumental | pratI + cA = pratIcA | pratya + gByAm = pratyagByAm | pratya + gBiH = pratyagBiH |
Dative | pratI + ce = pratIce | pratya + gByAm = pratyagByAm | pratya + gByaH = pratyagByaH |
Ablative | pratI + caH = pratIcaH | pratya + gByAm = pratyagByAm | pratya + gByaH = pratyagByaH |
Genitive | pratI + caH = pratIcaH | pratI + coH = pratIcoH | pratI + cAm = pratIcAm |
Locative | pratI + ci = pratIci | pratI + coH = pratIcoH | pratya + kzu = pratyakzu |
Vocative | pratya + k = pratyak | pratI + cI = pratIcI | pratya + Yci = pratyaYci |
'viz-vaYc' is the pada designation.
Case | S | D | P |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | vizva + k = vizvak | vizU + cI = vizUcI | vizva + Yci = vizvaYci |
Accusative | vizva + k = vizvak | vizU + cI = vizUcI | vizva + Yci = vizvaYci |
Instrumental | vizU + cA = vizUcA | vizva + gByAm = vizvagByAm | vizva + gBiH = vizvagBiH |
Dative | vizU + ce = vizUce | vizva + gByAm = vizvagByAm | vizva + gByaH = vizvagByaH |
Ablative | vizU + caH = vizUcaH | vizva + gByAm = vizvagByAm | vizva + gByaH = vizvagByaH |
Genitive | vizU + caH = vizUcaH | vizU + coH = vizUcoH | vizU + cAm = vizUcAm |
Locative | vizU + ci = vizUci | vizU + coH = vizUcoH | vizva + kzu = vizvakzu |
Vocative | vizva + k = vizvak | vizU + cI = vizUcI | vizva + Yci = vizvaYci |
These adjectives of direction are generally spelled in MW with the palatal nasal as the penultimate character (pratyaYc). However, it is also common to see the citation form without this nasal (pratyac), for example in Deshpande.
It is also true that there are very small number of cases in MW where the citation form does not have the penultimate nasal: udac as well as udaYc are citation forms in MW. dakziRApratyac, devadryac
In these cases, the declension algorithm performs a preliminary step of changing the final 'ac' to 'aYc' . For example, devadr-yac is changed to devadr-yaYc, whose declension is calculated as described above, and this is taken to be the declension of the original citation devadryac.
There are 50+ entries from MW which are adjectives of direction, coming from root aYc (añc) with meaning 'to go'. (There is another similarly spelled root meaning 'to worship', and according to Kale , p. 64-5, compounds formed with this meaning are differently declined. From checking the senses of the nominals ending in aYc in MW, I found that they all are with the 'to go' sense. Thus, the rules regarding declension in the current work always are based on the 'to go' sense of the suffix.)
The declension models for these entries are named m_aYc, n_aYc, and f_aYc_I (the feminines forms always end in long vowel 'I', and are declined like 'nadI').