Improve CI pipeline to handle dependency installation and build errors

[zarfld]

Related to #46

Update CI pipeline to handle dependency installation and build errors.

• Add retry logic to apt-get commands in prerequisites.sh and ci-prerequisites.sh.
• Implement caching for dependencies and build artifacts in .github/workflows/ci.yml.
• Add matrix build strategy to test against multiple Ubuntu versions in .github/workflows/ci.yml.
• Integrate the latest version of PoKeysLib in .github/workflows/ci.yml.
• Upload logs in case of build or test failures in .github/workflows/ci.yml.
• Update actions/upload-artifact to v3 in .github/workflows/ci.yml.

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