Support for C++17 Part 2

[darbyjohnston]

Fixes #1526

Changes:

• Set the C++ version to 17 and the minimum macOS version to 10.13 in the top-level CMakelist.txt file
• Replace the use of any and optional classes with std::any and std::optional
• Remove the any and optional dependencies
• Removed the file py-opentimelineio\bindings-common\casters.h which is not necessary with C++17

This PR is a replacement for #1539 which is proving difficult to merge.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 50.83056% with 148 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 79.96%. Comparing base (afcb552) to head (d852d64).

Additional details and impacted files

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[src/opentimelineio/item.cpp](https://app.codecov.io/gh/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenTimelineIO/pull/1713?src=pr&el=tree&filepath=src%2Fopentimelineio%2Fitem.cpp&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=AcademySoftwareFoundation#diff-c3JjL29wZW50aW1lbGluZWlvL2l0ZW0uY3Bw) | `60.71% <100.00%> (+5.42%)` | :arrow_up: | | ... and [31 more](https://app.codecov.io/gh/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenTimelineIO/pull/1713?src=pr&el=tree-more&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=AcademySoftwareFoundation) | | ... and [1 file with indirect coverage changes](https://app.codecov.io/gh/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenTimelineIO/pull/1713/indirect-changes?src=pr&el=tree-more&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=AcademySoftwareFoundation) ------ [Continue to review full report in Codecov by 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