docker: update docker container

[Beerosagos]

List of the updates:

• Ubuntu from 18.04 to 22.04
• gcc from gcc-8 to gcc-10
• clang-* from 8 to 15

[benma]

Building & testing

[benma]

I built and uploaded this. Please change https://github.com/digitalbitbox/bitbox02-firmware/blob/master/.ci/run-container-ci#L28 to :28 and push again, so the CI can run properly.