Apply `ruff` auto-formatter and corresponding pre-commit hooks

[ma595]

This PR applies the ruff auto-formatter to the python codebase as well as checks for:

• trailing-whitespace
• end-of-file-fixer
• check-yaml
• check-added-large-files

Pre-commit hooks enforce automatic formatting before a commit is made. These are not mandatory, but they are still strongly advised (and will become less important when remote checks are in place). To enable do the following:

pip install pre-commit
pre-commit install
pre-commit run --all-files

This PR is ready for review once the following tasks are completed. Addresses some of #38 and #39.

• [x] introduce basic pre-commit hooks
• [x] introduce basic workflow that checks code is appropriately styled

Contributing guide will be edited in a later PR.

Addresses some of #38