Closed McLeggy closed 3 weeks ago
Not sure about Gemini, but I think Apollo should be heads-down for upwards lift? https://www.nasa.gov/history/afj/ap11fj/26day9-approach-earth.html
Both capsules used a heads down attitude for upwards lift. BDB is correct on that account. COM was offset because empty space (filled, in part, by astronauts) was in the "top" part of the pod, and the equipment, which involved a lot of things made of various metals, was in the "bottom" part. Thus, it was shifted away from the astronauts' heads, and made the lift vector point towards the "bottom" part.
The CoM offset on the Apollo and Gemini capsules is still incorrect. The current offset forces the capsules into a steeper re-entry. In order to be used as lifting bodies the capsules have to re-enter upside down