add typings to make code more readable

[HassanBahati]

the solid principles implementation would be optimized and refactored to have data types specified

[AshabaJasper]

Issue Resolution Confirmation

This is to confirm that the Solid Principles implementation has been optimized and refactored with the necessary typings to enhance code readability and maintainability.

The following actions have been completed:

• [x] Code has been reviewed to ensure typings are consistently applied.
• [x] Each function and variable has been annotated with specific data types.
• [x] The code has passed all the type checking without any type-related errors.
• [x] All changes have been tested to confirm that functionality remains intact.

With these points checked off, I am closing this issue as the objectives have been met.

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Issue: #3
Pull Request: #5
Reviewer: @AshabaJasper

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Thank you for your contribution to maintaining the code quality of this project!