fix: Add exception inheritance for CppSQLite3Exception, harder try catch re-throw in exception handler

[EmosewaMC]

Allows this to be caught in our exception handler by name. Fixes the try catch re-throw to catch any exception if the exception re-thrown does not inherit std::exception.

Tested that replacing a dummy query.bind with a non-existent field

• prints Caught unknown exception. when not inheriting from std::exception
• prints SQLITE3_ERROR... when inheriting from std::exception