Bugfix(Logging): Adding missing LogLevel and correct args handling in logf_* functions

[SebaLukas]

Describe your changes

• Adding missing Loglevel in set_logging_callback
• Fixing handling args in logf_* functions
• Adding logging unit tests

Issue ticket number and link

see title

Checklist before requesting a review

• [x] I have performed a self-review of my code
• [ ] I have made corresponding changes to the documentation
• [x] I read the contribution documentation and made sure that my changes meet its requirements

[SebaLukas]

I am currently writing unit tests for logging and these bugfixes. After pushing the tests I would then merge