[PERF] [Catalogs] Push partition filter expressions into catalog file URI fetches

[clarkzinzow]

Catalog SDKs expose basic filter expression APIs when fetching the file URIs for reading a particular table, where filters on partition columns can be used to prune the file URIs returned. This can end up eliding a lot of work by the catalog implementations when reading and parsing their metadata files.

• Iceberg: https://github.com/apache/iceberg-python/blob/5c6010b3ad16472f7ef02ce93d3d1524f602bffb/pyiceberg/table/__init__.py#L925-L926
• Delta Lake: https://docs.rs/deltalake/latest/deltalake/struct.DeltaTable.html#method.get_active_add_actions_by_partitions

[samster25]

blocked by https://github.com/Eventual-Inc/Daft/issues/1800