The power of the Web is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect.
- Sir Timothy Berners-Lee, W3C Director and inventor of the World Wide Web
This quote perfectly highlights the importance of creating accessible websites. An application that can't be accessed by all is by definition exclusionary. As web developers we should always have accessibility in mind. By having this focus from the beginning you will be well on your way to ensure everyone can access the pages you create. In this lesson, you'll learn about the tools that can help you ensure that your web assets are accessible and how to build with accessibility in mind.
Tools to use
Screen readers
One of the best-known accessibility tools are screen readers.
Screen readers are commonly used clients for those with vision impairments. As we spend time ensuring a browser properly conveys the information we wish to share, we must also ensure a screen reader does the same.
At its most basic, a screen reader will read a page from top to bottom audibly. If your page is all text, the reader will convey the information in a similar fashion to a browser. Of course, web pages are rarely purely text; they will contain links, graphics, color, and other visual components. Care must be taken to ensure that this information is read correctly by a screen reader.
Every web developer should familiarize themselves with a screen reader. As highlighted above, it's the client your users will utilize. Much in the same way you're familiar with how a browser operates, you should learn how a screen reader operates. Fortunately, screen readers are built into most operating systems.
Some browsers also have built-in tools and extensions that can read text aloud or even provide some basic navigational features, such as these accessibility-focused Edge browser tools. These are also important accessibility tools, but function very differently from screen readers and they should not be mistaken for screen reader testing tools.
✅ Try a screen reader and browser text reader. On Windows Narrator is included by default, and JAWS and NVDA can also be installed. On macOS and iOS, VoiceOver is installed by default.
Zoom
Another tool commonly used by people with vision impairments is zooming. The most basic type of zooming is static zoom, controlled through Control + plus sign (+) or by decreasing screen resolution. This type of zoom causes the entire page to resize, so using responsive design is important to provide a good user experience at increased zoom levels.
Another type of zoom relies on specialized software to magnify one area of the screen and pan, much like using a real magnifying glass. On Windows, Magnifier is built in, and ZoomText is a third-party magnification software with more features and a larger user base. Both macOS and iOS have a built-in magnification software called Zoom.
Contrast checkers
Colors on web sites need to be carefully chosen to answer the needs of color-blind users or people who have difficulty seeing low-contrast colors.
✅ Test a web site you enjoy using for color usage with a browser extension such as WCAG's color checker. What do you learn?
Lighthouse
In the developer tool area of your browser, you'll find the Lighthouse tool. This tool is important to get a first view of the accessibility (as well as other analysis) of a web site. While it's important not to rely exclusively on Lighthouse, a 100% score is very helpful as a baseline.
✅ Find Lighthouse in your browser's developer tool panel and run an analysis on any site. what do you discover?
Designing for accessibility
Accessibility is a relatively large topic. To help you out, there are numerous resources available.
While we won't be able to cover every aspect of creating accessible sites, below are some of the core tenets you will want to implement. Designing an accessible page from the start is always easier than going back to an existing page to make it accessible.
Good display principles
Color safe palettes
People see the world in different ways, and this includes colors. When selecting a color scheme for your site, you should ensure it's accessible to all. One great tool for generating color palettes is Color Safe.
✅ Identify a web site that is very problematic in its use of color. Why?
Use the correct HTML
With CSS and JavaScript it's possible to make any element look like any type of control. <span> could be used to create a <button>, and <b> could become a hyperlink. While this might be considered easier to style, it conveys nothing to a screen reader. Use the appropriate HTML when creating controls on a page. If you want a hyperlink, use <a>. Using the right HTML for the right control is called making use of Semantic HTML.
✅ Go to any web site and see if the designers and developers are using HTML properly. Can you find a button that should be a link? Hint: right click and choose 'View Page Source' in your browser to look at underlying code.
Create a descriptive heading hierarchy
Screen reader users rely heavily on headings to find information and navigate through a page. Writing descriptive heading content and using semantic heading tags are important for creating an easily navigable site for screen reader users.
Use good visual clues
CSS offers complete control over the look of any element on a page. You can create text boxes without an outline or hyperlinks without an underline. Unfortunately removing those clues can make it more challenging for someone who depends on them to be able to recognize the type of control.
The importance of link text
Hyperlinks are core to navigating the web. As a result, ensuring a screen reader can properly read links allows all users to navigate your site.
Screen readers and links
As you would expect, screen readers read link text in the same way they'd read any other text on the page. With this in mind, the text demonstrated below might feel perfectly acceptable.
The little penguin, sometimes known as the fairy penguin, is the smallest penguin in the world. Click here for more information.
NOTE As you're about to read, you should never create links which look like the above.
Remember, screen readers are a different interface from browsers with a different set of features.
The problem with using the URL
Screen readers read the text. If a URL appears in the text, the screen reader will read the URL. Generally speaking, the URL does not convey meaningful information, and can sound annoying. You may have experienced this if your phone has ever audibly read a text message with a URL.
The problem with "click here"
Screen readers also have the ability to read only the hyperlinks on a page, much in the same way a sighted person would scan a page for links. If the link text is always "click here", all the user will hear is "click here, click here, click here, click here, click here, ..." All links are now indistinguishable from one another.
Good link text
Good link text briefly describes what's on the other side of the link. In the above example talking about little penguins, the link is to the Wikipedia page about the species. The phrase little penguins would make for perfect link text as it makes it clear what someone will learn about if they click the link - little penguins.
The little penguin, sometimes known as the fairy penguin, is the smallest penguin in the world.
✅ Surf the web for a few minutes to find pages that use obscure linking strategies. Compare them with other, better-linked sites. What do you learn?
Search engine notes
As an added bonus for ensuring your site is accessible to all, you'll help search engines navigate your site as well. Search engines use link text to learn the topics of pages. So using good link text helps everyone!
In this example, duplicating the text of description and order make sense for someone using a browser. However, someone using a screen reader would only hear the words description and order repeated without context.
To support these types of scenarios, HTML supports a set of attributes known as Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA). These attributes allow you to provide additional information to screen readers.
NOTE: Like many aspects of HTML, browser and screen reader support may vary. However, most mainline clients support ARIA attributes.
You can use aria-label to describe the link when the format of the page doesn't allow you to. The description for widget could be set as
✅ In general, using Semantic markup as described above supersedes the use of ARIA, but sometimes there is no semantic equivalent for various HTML widgets. A good example is a Tree. There's no HTML equivalent for a tree, so you identify the generic <div> for this element with a proper role and aria values. The MDN documentation on ARIA contains more useful information.
It goes without saying screen readers are unable to automatically read what's in an image. Ensuring images are accessible doesn't take much work - it's what the alt attribute is all about. All meaningful images should have an alt to describe what they are.
Images that are purely decorative should have their alt attribute set to an empty string: alt="". This prevents screen readers from unnecessarily announcing the decorative image.
✅ As you might expect, search engines are also unable to understand what's in an image. They also use alt text. So once again, ensuring your page is accessible provides additional bonuses!
The keyboard
Some users are unable to use a mouse or trackpad, instead relying on keyboard interactions to tab from one element to the next. It's important for your web site to present your content in logical order so a keyboard user can access each interactive element as they move down a document. If you build your web pages with semantic markup and use CSS to style their visual layout, your site should be keyboard-navigable, but it's important to test this aspect manually. Learn more about keyboard navigation strategies.
✅ Go to any web site and try to navigate through it using only your keyboard. What works, what doesn't work? Why?
Summary
A web accessible to some is not a truly 'world-wide web'. The best way to ensure the sites you create are accessible is to incorporate accessibility best practices from the start. While there are extra steps involved, incorporating these skills into your workflow now will mean all pages you create will be accessible.
Creating Accessible Webpages
This quote perfectly highlights the importance of creating accessible websites. An application that can't be accessed by all is by definition exclusionary. As web developers we should always have accessibility in mind. By having this focus from the beginning you will be well on your way to ensure everyone can access the pages you create. In this lesson, you'll learn about the tools that can help you ensure that your web assets are accessible and how to build with accessibility in mind.
Tools to use
Screen readers
One of the best-known accessibility tools are screen readers.
Screen readers are commonly used clients for those with vision impairments. As we spend time ensuring a browser properly conveys the information we wish to share, we must also ensure a screen reader does the same.
At its most basic, a screen reader will read a page from top to bottom audibly. If your page is all text, the reader will convey the information in a similar fashion to a browser. Of course, web pages are rarely purely text; they will contain links, graphics, color, and other visual components. Care must be taken to ensure that this information is read correctly by a screen reader.
Every web developer should familiarize themselves with a screen reader. As highlighted above, it's the client your users will utilize. Much in the same way you're familiar with how a browser operates, you should learn how a screen reader operates. Fortunately, screen readers are built into most operating systems.
Some browsers also have built-in tools and extensions that can read text aloud or even provide some basic navigational features, such as these accessibility-focused Edge browser tools. These are also important accessibility tools, but function very differently from screen readers and they should not be mistaken for screen reader testing tools.
✅ Try a screen reader and browser text reader. On Windows Narrator is included by default, and JAWS and NVDA can also be installed. On macOS and iOS, VoiceOver is installed by default.
Zoom
Another tool commonly used by people with vision impairments is zooming. The most basic type of zooming is static zoom, controlled through
Control + plus sign (+)or by decreasing screen resolution. This type of zoom causes the entire page to resize, so using responsive design is important to provide a good user experience at increased zoom levels.Another type of zoom relies on specialized software to magnify one area of the screen and pan, much like using a real magnifying glass. On Windows, Magnifier is built in, and ZoomText is a third-party magnification software with more features and a larger user base. Both macOS and iOS have a built-in magnification software called Zoom.
Contrast checkers
Colors on web sites need to be carefully chosen to answer the needs of color-blind users or people who have difficulty seeing low-contrast colors.
✅ Test a web site you enjoy using for color usage with a browser extension such as WCAG's color checker. What do you learn?
Lighthouse
In the developer tool area of your browser, you'll find the Lighthouse tool. This tool is important to get a first view of the accessibility (as well as other analysis) of a web site. While it's important not to rely exclusively on Lighthouse, a 100% score is very helpful as a baseline.
✅ Find Lighthouse in your browser's developer tool panel and run an analysis on any site. what do you discover?
Designing for accessibility
Accessibility is a relatively large topic. To help you out, there are numerous resources available.
While we won't be able to cover every aspect of creating accessible sites, below are some of the core tenets you will want to implement. Designing an accessible page from the start is always easier than going back to an existing page to make it accessible.
Good display principles
Color safe palettes
People see the world in different ways, and this includes colors. When selecting a color scheme for your site, you should ensure it's accessible to all. One great tool for generating color palettes is Color Safe.
✅ Identify a web site that is very problematic in its use of color. Why?
Use the correct HTML
With CSS and JavaScript it's possible to make any element look like any type of control.
<span>could be used to create a<button>, and<b>could become a hyperlink. While this might be considered easier to style, it conveys nothing to a screen reader. Use the appropriate HTML when creating controls on a page. If you want a hyperlink, use<a>. Using the right HTML for the right control is called making use of Semantic HTML.✅ Go to any web site and see if the designers and developers are using HTML properly. Can you find a button that should be a link? Hint: right click and choose 'View Page Source' in your browser to look at underlying code.
Create a descriptive heading hierarchy
Screen reader users rely heavily on headings to find information and navigate through a page. Writing descriptive heading content and using semantic heading tags are important for creating an easily navigable site for screen reader users.
Use good visual clues
CSS offers complete control over the look of any element on a page. You can create text boxes without an outline or hyperlinks without an underline. Unfortunately removing those clues can make it more challenging for someone who depends on them to be able to recognize the type of control.
The importance of link text
Hyperlinks are core to navigating the web. As a result, ensuring a screen reader can properly read links allows all users to navigate your site.
Screen readers and links
As you would expect, screen readers read link text in the same way they'd read any other text on the page. With this in mind, the text demonstrated below might feel perfectly acceptable.
Remember, screen readers are a different interface from browsers with a different set of features.
The problem with using the URL
Screen readers read the text. If a URL appears in the text, the screen reader will read the URL. Generally speaking, the URL does not convey meaningful information, and can sound annoying. You may have experienced this if your phone has ever audibly read a text message with a URL.
The problem with "click here"
Screen readers also have the ability to read only the hyperlinks on a page, much in the same way a sighted person would scan a page for links. If the link text is always "click here", all the user will hear is "click here, click here, click here, click here, click here, ..." All links are now indistinguishable from one another.
Good link text
Good link text briefly describes what's on the other side of the link. In the above example talking about little penguins, the link is to the Wikipedia page about the species. The phrase little penguins would make for perfect link text as it makes it clear what someone will learn about if they click the link - little penguins.
✅ Surf the web for a few minutes to find pages that use obscure linking strategies. Compare them with other, better-linked sites. What do you learn?
Search engine notes
As an added bonus for ensuring your site is accessible to all, you'll help search engines navigate your site as well. Search engines use link text to learn the topics of pages. So using good link text helps everyone!
ARIA
Imagine the following page:
In this example, duplicating the text of description and order make sense for someone using a browser. However, someone using a screen reader would only hear the words description and order repeated without context.
To support these types of scenarios, HTML supports a set of attributes known as Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA). These attributes allow you to provide additional information to screen readers.
You can use
aria-labelto describe the link when the format of the page doesn't allow you to. The description for widget could be set as✅ In general, using Semantic markup as described above supersedes the use of ARIA, but sometimes there is no semantic equivalent for various HTML widgets. A good example is a Tree. There's no HTML equivalent for a tree, so you identify the generic
<div>for this element with a proper role and aria values. The MDN documentation on ARIA contains more useful information.Images
It goes without saying screen readers are unable to automatically read what's in an image. Ensuring images are accessible doesn't take much work - it's what the
altattribute is all about. All meaningful images should have analtto describe what they are. Images that are purely decorative should have theiraltattribute set to an empty string:alt="". This prevents screen readers from unnecessarily announcing the decorative image.✅ As you might expect, search engines are also unable to understand what's in an image. They also use alt text. So once again, ensuring your page is accessible provides additional bonuses!
The keyboard
Some users are unable to use a mouse or trackpad, instead relying on keyboard interactions to tab from one element to the next. It's important for your web site to present your content in logical order so a keyboard user can access each interactive element as they move down a document. If you build your web pages with semantic markup and use CSS to style their visual layout, your site should be keyboard-navigable, but it's important to test this aspect manually. Learn more about keyboard navigation strategies.
✅ Go to any web site and try to navigate through it using only your keyboard. What works, what doesn't work? Why?
Summary
A web accessible to some is not a truly 'world-wide web'. The best way to ensure the sites you create are accessible is to incorporate accessibility best practices from the start. While there are extra steps involved, incorporating these skills into your workflow now will mean all pages you create will be accessible.