fix `TPL` builds with `clang >= 15`

[tbeltzun]

As discussed on slack, this PR:

• allows building the TPLs with clang >= 15, tested on linux, with clang 17.0.6(with or without cuda 12) or gcc 12.3.0 (with or without cuda 12);
• cleans the propagation of CFLAGS to silo by writing a configuration file instead;
• adds a CI geosx/ubuntu22.04-clang15 docker image based on clang 15.0.7 (per https://github.com/GEOS-DEV/GEOS/pull/3024#issuecomment-1989539601);
• update CMake and sccache versions to the latest available, and use a common script instead of hardcoding them into Dockerfile;
• use RUN --mount=src=.,dst=$TSRC_DIR $SRC_DIR/foo.sh instead of the COPY . $SRC_DIR + RUN $SRC_DIR/foo.sh hack;
• fixes a parsing bug in configure_tpl_build.sh: [[ is bash syntax, not sh syntax;
• update job version labels (compilers);
• reorganization of Dockerfiles;
• renames and cleanup.

Reference https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/new-warnings-and-errors-clang-16.

TODO: we could probably move installing dependencies in Dockerfile to a common shell script ...

[tbeltzun]

Thanks, done in https://github.com/GEOS-DEV/GEOS/pull/3024.

Checking also on Pangea III (=> no issue with this PR).

[tbeltzun]

@CusiniM, requesting your review again, since lots of changes were made in order to implement https://github.com/GEOS-DEV/GEOS/pull/3024#issuecomment-1989539601.

GEOS build validated in https://github.com/GEOS-DEV/GEOS/pull/3024: https://github.com/GEOS-DEV/GEOS/actions/runs/8262526620.

[tbeltzun]

Now that you have been through this part of the CI, do you have a REX (a few bullet points ) of what we could improve? And maybe points that you think were nice as well?

I have very limited experience with docker, hence the issues encountered were only due to the docker build system.

I tried to reduce code duplication by writing common scripts for docker images, and I think this is something we should tend to, as it is easier for maintenance and when someone discovers the build scripts.

[TotoGaz]

Yes, we had some duplications when installing tools like sccache. It's good that you were able to fix this. Now, the global pattern is still duplicated accros the Dockerfiles, and some package names as well. In the very very very beginning we had a pattern with a lot of scripts, allowing not to duplicated "anything". But in the end, docker being what it is (i.e. not real programming language), the situation was extremely complicated to handle and understand. I believe that the current situation is a not-so-bad compromise given the size of the project. 🤷