Add variables for carbon-capture and carbon-removal

[jayfuhrman]

per conversation with @danielhuppmann, I have ported most of PR #80 in the tag_carbon-management.yaml file to this new dedicated carbon-management file. See also PR #82 where I have removed most of what I had previously committed to the carbon-management.yaml file in PR #79 and #80 (and reverted back the tag name) but added several additional energy-consuming CDR tags.

@strefler @fschreyer @gidden @Renato-Rodrigues

[korsbakken]

Hi. I'm very much a third-party to this discussion, but I wondered if you could clarify whether this PR or something closer to #69 is more likely to be merged in the end? We are trying to converge on a set of variables for Carbon Sequestration/Capture/Removal/etc. in the IAM COMPACT project, and would prefer to be consistent with common-definitions as far as possible.

This and #69 contain some incompatible variables for Carbon Removal. The one that will probably have the most practical significance (for us at least) is that this PR includes Direct Air Capture under Carbon Removal rather than under Carbon Capture. #69 doesn't include DAC, but that presumably means it's intended to be outside of Carbon Removal. openENTRANCE and ECEMF both have DAC under Carbon Capture, and in general look closer to #69 than to the categorizations proposed in this PR.

[jayfuhrman]

Apologies for the confusion. The CDR related variables in this commit do indeed conflict with #69, where I've just submitted a suggestion to pretty much follow the SOCDR definitions. My thought is that #69 would offer users looking for a higher level of detail with respect to CDR pathways as opposed to more broadly inclusive "carbon capture", which can include CDR - can use that more detailed set of variables.

For the broader Carbon Capture variable set, below is my proposed structure (I've removed the more detailed CDR specific variables, which are now defined in #69).

• Carbon Capture: description: Total amount of captured carbon dioxide (CO2) from energy use in supply and demand sectors (IPCC category 1A, 1B) and from industrial processes (IPCC categories 2A, B, C, E), including emissions from international bunkers, net of negative emissions from bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), and other CO2 removal (exclusive of land-use change) in these sectors unit: Mt CO2/yr

• Carbon Capture|Geological Storage: description: Captured carbon dioxide (CO2) that is injected into subsurface geologic storage reservoirs (e.g., in situ mineralization). unit: Mt CO2/yr note: Captured CO2 that is reacted at the earth's surface (e.g., ex situ mineralization) should be reported under Carbon Capture|Other Storage

• Carbon Capture|Leakage: description: Captured carbon dioxide (CO2) that is subsequently vented, leaked, or reemitted during or after transmission to storage repositories unit: Mt CO2/yr note: Leakage of CO2 stored in previous years should be reported here

• Carbon Capture|Other Storage: description: Captured carbon dioxide (CO2) that is stored in reservoirs not elsewhere specified unit: Mt CO2/yr

• Carbon Capture|Utilization: description: Captured carbon dioxide (CO2) that is used in the manufacture of fuels, materials, or to enhance the productivity of oil and/or natural gas reservoirs. unit: Mt CO2/yr

• Carbon Capture|Utilization|Durable Storage: description: Captured carbon dioxide (CO2) that is used in the manufacture durable materials (e.g., cement), or to enhance the productivity of oil and/or natural gas reservoirs wherein the captured carbon is stored on centenial or longer timescales. unit: Mt CO2/yr

• Carbon Capture|Utilization|Short-lived Storage: description: Captured carbon dioxide (CO2) that is used in the manufacture of fuels or short-lived materials wherin the captured carbon is reemitted to the atmosphere upon consumption of these products or within annual to decadal timescales. unit: Mt CO2/yr