thread race with itkImage::SetPixel() found with thread sanitizer (TSan)

Several ITK tests report errors with thread sanitizer. For several of them, the issue is the same. itkImage::SetPixel() is being used by different threads to write to the same memory location simultaneously. Even if each thread is writing the same value (I didn't check), this is still undefined behaviour (without an atomic write).

  void
  SetPixel(const IndexType & index, const TPixel & value)
  {
    OffsetValueType offset = this->FastComputeOffset(index);
    (*m_Buffer)[offset] = value; // 🔥
  }

If each thread is writing the same value, I think this could be fixed, on gcc/clang at least, by using __atomic_store_n and __atomic_load_n in GetPixel/SetPixel. I tried, but couldn't figure out all the C++ templates to get down to the raw buffer.

Long term, C++20 std::atomic_ref could help too. (It's a wrapper of the aforemenioned compiler intrinsics.)

For example, the test itkStatisticsUniqueLabelMapFilterTest1 results in the following report:

WARNING: ThreadSanitizer: data race (pid=25678)
  Write of size 1 at 0x00010c45cd58 by thread T18:
    #0 itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>::SetPixel(itk::Index<2u> const&, unsigned char const&) itkImage.h:211 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10008cb6c)
    #1 itk::LabelMapToLabelImageFilter<itk::LabelMap<itk::StatisticsLabelObject<unsigned char, 2u>>, itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::ThreadedProcessLabelObject(itk::StatisticsLabelObject<unsigned char, 2u>*) itkLabelMapToLabelImageFilter.hxx:51 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10056d54c)
    #2 itk::LabelMapFilter<itk::LabelMap<itk::StatisticsLabelObject<unsigned char, 2u>>, itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::DynamicThreadedGenerateData(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&) itkLabelMapFilter.hxx:113 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10056ca7c)
    #3 itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)::operator()(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&) const itkImageSource.hxx:231 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100016fc0)
    #4 void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)::operator()(long const*, unsigned long const*) const itkMultiThreaderBase.h:353 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100016e2c)
    #5 decltype(std::declval<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)&>()(std::declval<long const*>(), std::declval<unsigned long const*>())) std::__1::__invoke[abi:v160006]<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)&, long const*, unsigned long const*>(void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)&, long const*&&, unsigned long const*&&) invoke.h:394 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100016cf0)
    #6 void std::__1::__invoke_void_return_wrapper<void, true>::__call<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)&, long const*, unsigned long const*>(void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)&, long const*&&, unsigned long const*&&) invoke.h:487 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100016c04)
    #7 std::__1::__function::__alloc_func<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*), std::__1::allocator<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)>, void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>::operator()[abi:v160006](long const*&&, unsigned long const*&&) function.h:185 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100016b90)
    #8 std::__1::__function::__func<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*), std::__1::allocator<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)>, void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>::operator()(long const*&&, unsigned long const*&&) function.h:356 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100014888)
    #9 std::__1::__function::__value_func<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>::operator()[abi:v160006](long const*&&, unsigned long const*&&) const function.h:510 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10169cebc)
    #10 std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>::operator()(long const*, unsigned long const*) const function.h:1156 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101697f74)
    #11 itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5::operator()() const itkPoolMultiThreader.cxx:271 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10171f118)
    #12 std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda'()::operator()() const itkThreadPool.h:92 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10171f06c)
    #13 decltype(std::declval<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>()()) std::__1::__invoke[abi:v160006]<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda'()&>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&) invoke.h:394 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10171f010)
    #14 std::__1::__packaged_task_func<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda'(), std::__1::allocator<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda'()>, void* ()>::operator()() future:1694 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10171e750)
    #15 std::__1::__packaged_task_function<void* ()>::operator()() const future:1880 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101715640)
    #16 std::__1::packaged_task<void* ()>::operator()() future:1957 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101715458)
    #17 std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'()::operator()() const itkThreadPool.h:97 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1017225a8)
    #18 decltype(std::declval<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>()()) std::__1::__invoke[abi:v160006]<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'()&>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&) invoke.h:394 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101722550)
    #19 void std::__1::__invoke_void_return_wrapper<void, true>::__call<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'()&>(std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'()&) invoke.h:487 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1017224b4)
    #20 std::__1::__function::__alloc_func<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'(), std::__1::allocator<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'()>, void ()>::operator()[abi:v160006]() function.h:185 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101722460)
    #21 std::__1::__function::__func<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'(), std::__1::allocator<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'()>, void ()>::operator()() function.h:356 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1017200c4)
    #22 std::__1::__function::__value_func<void ()>::operator()[abi:v160006]() const function.h:510 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1016e3a54)
    #23 std::__1::function<void ()>::operator()() const function.h:1156 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1016df260)
    #24 itk::ThreadPool::ThreadExecute() itkThreadPool.cxx:211 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1017238c8)
    #25 decltype(std::declval<void (*)()>()()) std::__1::__invoke[abi:v160006]<void (*)()>(void (*&&)()) invoke.h:394 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172cf90)
    #26 void std::__1::__thread_execute[abi:v160006]<std::__1::unique_ptr<std::__1::__thread_struct, std::__1::default_delete<std::__1::__thread_struct>>, void (*)()>(std::__1::tuple<std::__1::unique_ptr<std::__1::__thread_struct, std::__1::default_delete<std::__1::__thread_struct>>, void (*)()>&, std::__1::__tuple_indices<>) thread:288 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172ceac)
    #27 void* std::__1::__thread_proxy[abi:v160006]<std::__1::tuple<std::__1::unique_ptr<std::__1::__thread_struct, std::__1::default_delete<std::__1::__thread_struct>>, void (*)()>>(void*) thread:299 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172c240)

  Previous write of size 1 at 0x00010c45cd58 by thread T6:
    #0 itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>::SetPixel(itk::Index<2u> const&, unsigned char const&) itkImage.h:211 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10008cb6c)
    #1 itk::LabelMapToLabelImageFilter<itk::LabelMap<itk::StatisticsLabelObject<unsigned char, 2u>>, itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::ThreadedProcessLabelObject(itk::StatisticsLabelObject<unsigned char, 2u>*) itkLabelMapToLabelImageFilter.hxx:51 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10056d54c)
    #2 itk::LabelMapFilter<itk::LabelMap<itk::StatisticsLabelObject<unsigned char, 2u>>, itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::DynamicThreadedGenerateData(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&) itkLabelMapFilter.hxx:113 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10056ca7c)
    #3 itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)::operator()(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&) const itkImageSource.hxx:231 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100016fc0)
    #4 void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)::operator()(long const*, unsigned long const*) const itkMultiThreaderBase.h:353 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100016e2c)
    #5 decltype(std::declval<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)&>()(std::declval<long const*>(), std::declval<unsigned long const*>())) std::__1::__invoke[abi:v160006]<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)&, long const*, unsigned long const*>(void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)&, long const*&&, unsigned long const*&&) invoke.h:394 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100016cf0)
    #6 void std::__1::__invoke_void_return_wrapper<void, true>::__call<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)&, long const*, unsigned long const*>(void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)&, long const*&&, unsigned long const*&&) invoke.h:487 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100016c04)
    #7 std::__1::__function::__alloc_func<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*), std::__1::allocator<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)>, void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>::operator()[abi:v160006](long const*&&, unsigned long const*&&) function.h:185 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100016b90)
    #8 std::__1::__function::__func<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*), std::__1::allocator<void itk::MultiThreaderBase::ParallelizeImageRegion<2u, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&)>(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&, itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData()::'lambda'(itk::ImageRegion<2u> const&), itk::ProcessObject*)::'lambda'(long const*, unsigned long const*)>, void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>::operator()(long const*&&, unsigned long const*&&) function.h:356 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100014888)
    #9 std::__1::__function::__value_func<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>::operator()[abi:v160006](long const*&&, unsigned long const*&&) const function.h:510 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10169cebc)
    #10 std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>::operator()(long const*, unsigned long const*) const function.h:1156 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101697f74)
    #11 itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5::operator()() const itkPoolMultiThreader.cxx:271 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10171f118)
    #12 std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda'()::operator()() const itkThreadPool.h:92 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10171f06c)
    #13 decltype(std::declval<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>()()) std::__1::__invoke[abi:v160006]<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda'()&>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&) invoke.h:394 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10171f010)
    #14 std::__1::__packaged_task_func<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda'(), std::__1::allocator<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda'()>, void* ()>::operator()() future:1694 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10171e750)
    #15 std::__1::__packaged_task_function<void* ()>::operator()() const future:1880 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101715640)
    #16 std::__1::packaged_task<void* ()>::operator()() future:1957 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101715458)
    #17 std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'()::operator()() const itkThreadPool.h:97 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1017225a8)
    #18 decltype(std::declval<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>()()) std::__1::__invoke[abi:v160006]<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'()&>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&) invoke.h:394 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101722550)
    #19 void std::__1::__invoke_void_return_wrapper<void, true>::__call<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'()&>(std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'()&) invoke.h:487 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1017224b4)
    #20 std::__1::__function::__alloc_func<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'(), std::__1::allocator<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'()>, void ()>::operator()[abi:v160006]() function.h:185 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101722460)
    #21 std::__1::__function::__func<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'(), std::__1::allocator<std::__1::future<std::__1::invoke_result<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>::type> itk::ThreadPool::AddWork<itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5>(itk::PoolMultiThreader::ParallelizeImageRegion(unsigned int, long const*, unsigned long const*, std::__1::function<void (long const*, unsigned long const*)>, itk::ProcessObject*)::$_5&&)::'lambda0'()>, void ()>::operator()() function.h:356 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1017200c4)
    #22 std::__1::__function::__value_func<void ()>::operator()[abi:v160006]() const function.h:510 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1016e3a54)
    #23 std::__1::function<void ()>::operator()() const function.h:1156 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1016df260)
    #24 itk::ThreadPool::ThreadExecute() itkThreadPool.cxx:211 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1017238c8)
    #25 decltype(std::declval<void (*)()>()()) std::__1::__invoke[abi:v160006]<void (*)()>(void (*&&)()) invoke.h:394 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172cf90)
    #26 void std::__1::__thread_execute[abi:v160006]<std::__1::unique_ptr<std::__1::__thread_struct, std::__1::default_delete<std::__1::__thread_struct>>, void (*)()>(std::__1::tuple<std::__1::unique_ptr<std::__1::__thread_struct, std::__1::default_delete<std::__1::__thread_struct>>, void (*)()>&, std::__1::__tuple_indices<>) thread:288 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172ceac)
    #27 void* std::__1::__thread_proxy[abi:v160006]<std::__1::tuple<std::__1::unique_ptr<std::__1::__thread_struct, std::__1::default_delete<std::__1::__thread_struct>>, void (*)()>>(void*) thread:299 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172c240)

  Location is heap block of size 65536 at 0x00010c450000 allocated by main thread:
    #0 operator new[](unsigned long) <null>:83005060 (libclang_rt.tsan_osx_dynamic.dylib:arm64e+0x8451c)
    #1 itk::ImportImageContainer<unsigned long, unsigned char>::AllocateElements(unsigned long, bool) const itkImportImageContainer.hxx:168 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100022ae0)
    #2 itk::ImportImageContainer<unsigned long, unsigned char>::Reserve(unsigned long, bool) itkImportImageContainer.hxx:76 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100025e58)
    #3 itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>::Allocate(bool) itkImage.hxx:46 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10001e49c)
    #4 itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::AllocateOutputs() itkImageSource.hxx:184 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100010904)
    #5 itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::GenerateData() itkImageSource.hxx:213 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1000124e4)
    #6 itk::ProcessObject::UpdateOutputData(itk::DataObject*) itkProcessObject.cxx:1694 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10167ffe0)
    #7 itk::DataObject::UpdateOutputData() itkDataObject.cxx:388 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1016be2a8)
    #8 itk::ImageBase<2u>::UpdateOutputData() itkImageBase.hxx:265 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10001c9c4)
    #9 itk::ImageFileWriter<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::Write() itkImageFileWriter.hxx:285 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1000906d0)
    #10 itk::ImageFileWriter<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::Write() itkImageFileWriter.hxx:81 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10008ea30)
    #11 itkStatisticsUniqueLabelMapFilterTest1(int, char**) itkStatisticsUniqueLabelMapFilterTest1.cxx:136 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x100938200)
    #12 main ITKLabelMapTestDriver.cxx:523 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1000053e4)

  Thread T18 (tid=60135496, running) created by main thread at:
    #0 pthread_create <null>:83005060 (libclang_rt.tsan_osx_dynamic.dylib:arm64e+0x3062c)
    #1 std::__1::__libcpp_thread_create[abi:v160006](_opaque_pthread_t**, void* (*)(void*), void*) __threading_support:378 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172c1a8)
    #2 std::__1::thread::thread<void (*)(), void>(void (*&&)()) thread:315 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172bf4c)
    #3 std::__1::thread::thread<void (*)(), void>(void (*&&)()) thread:307 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172be74)
    #4 void std::__1::allocator<std::__1::thread>::construct[abi:v160006]<std::__1::thread, void (*)()>(std::__1::thread*, void (*&&)()) allocator.h:168 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172be0c)
    #5 void std::__1::allocator_traits<std::__1::allocator<std::__1::thread>>::construct[abi:v160006]<std::__1::thread, void (*)(), void>(std::__1::allocator<std::__1::thread>&, std::__1::thread*, void (*&&)()) allocator_traits.h:296 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172bc68)
    #6 void std::__1::vector<std::__1::thread, std::__1::allocator<std::__1::thread>>::__construct_one_at_end[abi:v160006]<void (*)()>(void (*&&)()) vector:811 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172b9b4)
    #7 std::__1::thread& std::__1::vector<std::__1::thread, std::__1::allocator<std::__1::thread>>::emplace_back<void (*)()>(void (*&&)()) vector:1600 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101723720)
    #8 itk::ThreadPool::ThreadPool() itkThreadPool.cxx:118 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101723380)
    #9 itk::ThreadPool::ThreadPool() itkThreadPool.cxx:108 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101723a10)
    #10 itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1::operator()() const itkThreadPool.cxx:83 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101728e5c)
    #11 decltype(std::declval<itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1>()()) std::__1::__invoke[abi:v160006]<itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1>(itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1&&) invoke.h:394 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101728d4c)
    #12 void std::__1::__call_once_param<std::__1::tuple<itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1&&>>::__execute[abi:v160006]<>(std::__1::__tuple_indices<>) mutex:624 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101728cf8)
    #13 std::__1::__call_once_param<std::__1::tuple<itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1&&>>::operator()[abi:v160006]() mutex:616 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101728c90)
    #14 void std::__1::__call_once_proxy[abi:v160006]<std::__1::tuple<itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1&&>>(void*) mutex:652 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101728a64)
    #15 __tsan::(anonymous namespace)::call_once_callback_wrapper(void*) <null>:83005060 (libclang_rt.tsan_osx_dynamic.dylib:arm64e+0x7e250)
    #16 itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance() itkThreadPool.cxx:79 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101722e20)
    #17 itk::PoolMultiThreader::PoolMultiThreader() itkPoolMultiThreader.cxx:81 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10170683c)
    #18 itk::PoolMultiThreader::PoolMultiThreader() itkPoolMultiThreader.cxx:82 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101706d04)
    #19 itk::PoolMultiThreader::New() itkPoolMultiThreader.h:57 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101696cf4)
    #20 itk::MultiThreaderBase::New() itkMultiThreaderBase.cxx:389 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1016965dc)
    #21 itk::ProcessObject::ProcessObject() itkProcessObject.cxx:72 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101674a54)
    #22 itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::ImageSource() itkImageSource.h:230 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10000b8c4)
    #23 itk::ImageFileReader<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>, itk::DefaultConvertPixelTraits<unsigned char>>::ImageFileReader() itkImageFileReader.h:122 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10000b6d4)
    #24 itk::ImageFileReader<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>, itk::DefaultConvertPixelTraits<unsigned char>>::ImageFileReader() itkImageFileReader.hxx:36 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10000b394)
    #25 itk::ImageFileReader<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>, itk::DefaultConvertPixelTraits<unsigned char>>::New() itkImageFileReader.h:86 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10000a400)
    #26 itkStatisticsUniqueLabelMapFilterTest1(int, char**) itkStatisticsUniqueLabelMapFilterTest1.cxx:62 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1009375d8)
    #27 main ITKLabelMapTestDriver.cxx:523 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1000053e4)

  Thread T6 (tid=60135484, running) created by main thread at:
    #0 pthread_create <null>:83005060 (libclang_rt.tsan_osx_dynamic.dylib:arm64e+0x3062c)
    #1 std::__1::__libcpp_thread_create[abi:v160006](_opaque_pthread_t**, void* (*)(void*), void*) __threading_support:378 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172c1a8)
    #2 std::__1::thread::thread<void (*)(), void>(void (*&&)()) thread:315 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172bf4c)
    #3 std::__1::thread::thread<void (*)(), void>(void (*&&)()) thread:307 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172be74)
    #4 void std::__1::allocator<std::__1::thread>::construct[abi:v160006]<std::__1::thread, void (*)()>(std::__1::thread*, void (*&&)()) allocator.h:168 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172be0c)
    #5 void std::__1::allocator_traits<std::__1::allocator<std::__1::thread>>::construct[abi:v160006]<std::__1::thread, void (*)(), void>(std::__1::allocator<std::__1::thread>&, std::__1::thread*, void (*&&)()) allocator_traits.h:296 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172bc68)
    #6 void std::__1::vector<std::__1::thread, std::__1::allocator<std::__1::thread>>::__construct_one_at_end[abi:v160006]<void (*)()>(void (*&&)()) vector:811 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10172b9b4)
    #7 std::__1::thread& std::__1::vector<std::__1::thread, std::__1::allocator<std::__1::thread>>::emplace_back<void (*)()>(void (*&&)()) vector:1600 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101723720)
    #8 itk::ThreadPool::ThreadPool() itkThreadPool.cxx:118 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101723380)
    #9 itk::ThreadPool::ThreadPool() itkThreadPool.cxx:108 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101723a10)
    #10 itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1::operator()() const itkThreadPool.cxx:83 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101728e5c)
    #11 decltype(std::declval<itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1>()()) std::__1::__invoke[abi:v160006]<itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1>(itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1&&) invoke.h:394 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101728d4c)
    #12 void std::__1::__call_once_param<std::__1::tuple<itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1&&>>::__execute[abi:v160006]<>(std::__1::__tuple_indices<>) mutex:624 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101728cf8)
    #13 std::__1::__call_once_param<std::__1::tuple<itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1&&>>::operator()[abi:v160006]() mutex:616 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101728c90)
    #14 void std::__1::__call_once_proxy[abi:v160006]<std::__1::tuple<itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance()::$_1&&>>(void*) mutex:652 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101728a64)
    #15 __tsan::(anonymous namespace)::call_once_callback_wrapper(void*) <null>:83005060 (libclang_rt.tsan_osx_dynamic.dylib:arm64e+0x7e250)
    #16 itk::ThreadPool::GetInstance() itkThreadPool.cxx:79 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101722e20)
    #17 itk::PoolMultiThreader::PoolMultiThreader() itkPoolMultiThreader.cxx:81 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10170683c)
    #18 itk::PoolMultiThreader::PoolMultiThreader() itkPoolMultiThreader.cxx:82 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101706d04)
    #19 itk::PoolMultiThreader::New() itkPoolMultiThreader.h:57 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101696cf4)
    #20 itk::MultiThreaderBase::New() itkMultiThreaderBase.cxx:389 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1016965dc)
    #21 itk::ProcessObject::ProcessObject() itkProcessObject.cxx:72 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x101674a54)
    #22 itk::ImageSource<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>>::ImageSource() itkImageSource.h:230 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10000b8c4)
    #23 itk::ImageFileReader<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>, itk::DefaultConvertPixelTraits<unsigned char>>::ImageFileReader() itkImageFileReader.h:122 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10000b6d4)
    #24 itk::ImageFileReader<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>, itk::DefaultConvertPixelTraits<unsigned char>>::ImageFileReader() itkImageFileReader.hxx:36 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10000b394)
    #25 itk::ImageFileReader<itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>, itk::DefaultConvertPixelTraits<unsigned char>>::New() itkImageFileReader.h:86 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x10000a400)
    #26 itkStatisticsUniqueLabelMapFilterTest1(int, char**) itkStatisticsUniqueLabelMapFilterTest1.cxx:62 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1009375d8)
    #27 main ITKLabelMapTestDriver.cxx:523 (ITKLabelMapTestDriver:arm64+0x1000053e4)

SUMMARY: ThreadSanitizer: data race itkImage.h:211 in itk::Image<unsigned char, 2u>::SetPixel(itk::Index<2u> const&, unsigned char const&)
==================

InsightSoftwareConsortium / ITK

thread race with itkImage::SetPixel() found with thread sanitizer (TSan) #4655