[Question] Best practice to read/write points of multiple devices at the same IP address

Hello, I am using bacpypes (version 0.18.6, Python 3.10.12) to expose readable/writable points of device(s) at a specific IP address, such that the points can be accessed by a building automation system (I am using Niagara N4). I could implement it when there is a single device, but could not make it work when I have multiple devices. I would like to understand the best practice to read/write points of multiple devices at the same IP address. To provide the context, let me provide (1) desired configuration (2) what I did for a single device, and (3) what I did for multiple devices.

Desired configuration

I have a building automation system and multiple simulation models in a single machine or different machines. bacpypes is used to expose 10~100+ readable/writable points from each simulation model as BACnet points preferably bound to a specific IP address, such that the building automation system can read/write points inside the simulation models (via ethernet cable, if the building automation system and simulation models live in the different machines).

What I did for a single device

A custom LocalDeviceObject is created and attached to a custom BIPSimpleApplication, and then the application is bound to an IP address (0.0.0.0) for test. This implementation worked well, and I could read/write points as expected. Following is a part of my script implementing that.

@bacpypes_debugging
class CustomBACnetApplication(BIPSimpleApplication,
                            ReadWritePropertyMultipleServices,
                            DeviceCommunicationControlServices,):
    pass

class CustomBACnetDevice(LocalDeviceObject):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self._date_time: datetime = None

    def ReadProperty(self, propid, arrayIndex=None):
        if propid == "localTime" and self._date_time != None:
            time = Time(str(self._date_time.time()))
            return time.value
        if propid == "localDate" and self._date_time != None:
            date = Date(str(self._date_time.date()))
            return date.value
        return super().ReadProperty(propid, arrayIndex)

...

class BACnetBridge():

    def __init__(self, host, site_id: SiteID) -> None:
        self.device = CustomBACnetDevice(
          objectName="Proxy",
          objectIdentifier=int(599),
          maxApduLengthAccepted=int(1024),
          segmentationSupported="segmentedBoth",
          vendorIdentifier=555,
          vendorName=CharacterString("Vendor"), 
          modelName=CharacterString("BACnet Bridge"),
          systemStatus=DeviceStatus(1),
          description=CharacterString("BACpypes (Python) based tool for exposing points"),
          firmwareRevision="0.0.0",
          applicationSoftwareVersion="0.0.0",
          protocolVersion=1,
          protocolRevision=0)

        self.application = CustomBACnetApplication(self.device, "0.0.0.0")

        self.points = {}
...
        for point in self.points.values():
            self.application.add_object(point)

What I did for multiple devices

Based on my search (https://github.com/JoelBender/bacpypes/issues/159), to scale-up the above use case, I think it is necessary to create a virtual router bound to the same IP address, where multiple BACnet devices are attached to the router. I modified my script based on the sample IP2VLANRouter.py (https://github.com/JoelBender/bacpypes/blob/master/samples/IP2VLANRouter.py) as follows (mostly borrowed from the sample, but I included it in case I missed something):

@bacpypes_debugging
class CustomBACnetApplication(Application,
                               ReadWritePropertyMultipleServices,
                               DeviceCommunicationControlServices,
                               WhoIsIAmServices,):
    def __init__(self, vlan_device, vlan_address, aseID=None):
        ...
        # normal initialization
        Application.__init__(self, vlan_device, aseID=aseID)

        # include a application decoder
        self.asap = ApplicationServiceAccessPoint()

        # pass the device object to the state machine access point so it can know if it should support segmentation
        self.smap = StateMachineAccessPoint(vlan_device)

        # the segmentation state machines need access to the same device information cache as the application
        self.smap.deviceInfoCache = self.deviceInfoCache

        # a network service access point will be needed
        self.nsap = NetworkServiceAccessPoint()

        # give the NSAP a generic network layer service element
        self.nse = NetworkServiceElement()
        bind(self.nse, self.nsap)

        # bind the top layers
        bind(self, self.asap, self.smap, self.nsap)

        # create a vlan node at the assigned address
        self.vlan_node = Node(vlan_address)

        # bind the stack to the node, no network number, no addresss
        self.nsap.bind(self.vlan_node)

    def request(self, apdu):
        if _debug: CustomBACnetApplication._debug("[%s]request %r", self.vlan_node.address, apdu)
        Application.request(self, apdu)

    def indication(self, apdu):
        if _debug: CustomBACnetApplication._debug("[%s]indication %r", self.vlan_node.address, apdu)
        Application.indication(self, apdu)

    def response(self, apdu):
        if _debug: CustomBACnetApplication._debug("[%s]response %r", self.vlan_node.address, apdu)
        Application.response(self, apdu)

    def confirmation(self, apdu):
        if _debug: CustomBACnetApplication._debug("[%s]confirmation %r", self.vlan_node.address, apdu)
        Application.confirmation(self, apdu)

class CustomBACnetDevice(LocalDeviceObject):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self._date_time: datetime = None

    def ReadProperty(self, propid, arrayIndex=None):
        if propid == "localTime" and self._date_time != None:
            time = Time(str(self._date_time.time()))
            return time.value
        if propid == "localDate" and self._date_time != None:
            date = Date(str(self._date_time.date()))
            return date.value
        return super().ReadProperty(propid, arrayIndex)

@bacpypes_debugging
@register_object_type(vendor_id=555)
class LocalAnalogValueObject(AnalogValueCmdObject):
    def __init__(self, sim_value, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self._sim_value = sim_value

    def ReadProperty(self, propid, arrayIndex=None):
        if propid == "presentValue":
            return self._sim_value
        return super().ReadProperty(propid, arrayIndex)

@bacpypes_debugging
class VLANRouter:
    def __init__(self, local_address, local_network):
        if _debug: VLANRouter._debug("__init__ %r %r", local_address, local_network)

        # a network service access point will be needed
        self.nsap = NetworkServiceAccessPoint()

        # give the NSAP a generic network layer service element
        self.nse = NetworkServiceElement()
        bind(self.nse, self.nsap)

        # create a BIPSimple, bound to the Annex J server on the UDP multiplexer
        #self.bip = BIPSimple(local_address)

        # create a BBMD, bound to the Annex J server on the UDP multiplexer
        self.bip = BIPBBMD(local_address)

        self.annexj = AnnexJCodec()
        self.mux = UDPMultiplexer(local_address)

        # bind the bottom layers
        bind(self.bip, self.annexj, self.mux.annexJ)

        # bind the BIP stack to the local network
        self.nsap.bind(self.bip, local_network, local_address)

class BACnetBridge:
    def __init__(self, host, alias_base: str, num_sites: int, verbose=True) -> None:
        ...

        ## Setup virtual router for BACnet devices
        # create the VLAN router, bind it to the local network
        addr1 = '0.0.0.0'
        net1, net2 = 5, 6
        self.router = VLANRouter(Address(addr1), net1)

        # create a VLAN
        self.vlan = Network(broadcast_address=LocalBroadcast())

        # create a node for the router, address 1 on the VLAN
        router_addr = Address(1)
        router_node = Node(router_addr)
        self.vlan.add_node(router_node)

        # bind the router stack to the vlan network through this node
        self.router.nsap.bind(router_node, net2, router_addr)

        # send network topology
        deferred(self.router.nse.i_am_router_to_network)

        ## Setup each BACnet device
        for alias_each in self.alias:
            ...

            self.device[alias_each] = CustomBACnetDevice(
                objectName=self.bacnet_device_name[alias_each],
                objectIdentifier=('device', self.device_instance[alias_each]),
                maxApduLengthAccepted=int(1024),
                segmentationSupported="noSegmentation",
                vendorIdentifier=555,
                vendorName=CharacterString("Vendor"), 
                modelName=CharacterString("BACnet Bridge"),
                systemStatus=DeviceStatus(1),
                description=CharacterString("BACpypes (Python) based tool for exposing points"),
                firmwareRevision="0.0.0",
                applicationSoftwareVersion="0.0.0",
                protocolVersion=1,
                protocolRevision=0)

            self.vlan_address[alias_each] = Address(10 + self.index_site[alias_each])
            self.application[alias_each] = CustomBACnetApplication(vlan_device=self.device[alias_each],
                                                                    vlan_address=self.vlan_address[alias_each])
            self.vlan.add_node(self.application[alias_each].vlan_node)

            self.points[alias_each] = {}
            self.points_prev[alias_each] = {}
            self.points_new[alias_each] = {}

            for point in self.points[alias_each].values():
                self.application[alias_each].add_object(point)
...

The problems I encountered

First, I got a warning saying - path error (1) per each device I created (for example, I got 5 warnings when I create 5 devices). I am not sure if this warning is the root cause of the following issue.

Second, I could discover the devices from my building automation system, but could not add the devices to the building automation system (Niagara N4). Also, I cannot see the list of points, cannot read/write the points. I could not read any information of the devices, except for the network number (6), MAC address (10 and 11) and object identifiers (shown as device names). I could read other information like vendor, model, firmware/app version, device name along with the other information

I tried changing the IP address from 0.0.0.0 to 0.0.0.0/24 or 0.0.0.0:47808, but did not work. I am new to BACnet and building automation system, so I think I might miss some simple things when I implemented it. I appreciate any comments and/or suggestions, and feel free to let me know if there is a better way/example I can refer to implement what I need.

JoelBender / bacpypes