smart contract languages

[monperrus]

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_contract
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardian_contract

other list of smart contract languages:

• https://www.dslfin.org/resources.html
• https://github.com/s-tikhomirov/smart-contract-languages

[monperrus]

Solidity https://soliditylang.org/

[monperrus]

Vyper https://vyper.readthedocs.io/

[monperrus]

Fe is a statically typed language for the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). It is inspired by Python and Rust which makes it easy to learn -- especially for new developers entering the Ethereum ecosystem. https://github.com/ethereum/fe

[monperrus]

Yul (previously also called JULIA or IULIA) is an intermediate language that can be compiled to bytecode for different backends. https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/yul.html

And Yul+ https://fuellabs.medium.com/introducing-yul-a-new-low-level-language-for-ethereum-aa64ce89512f

[monperrus]

Rust for smart contracts:

• https://use.ink/why-rust-for-smart-contracts/
• https://docs.casperlabs.io/dapp-dev-guide/writing-contracts/rust/

[monperrus]

Michelson smart-contract language, used in the Tezos blockchain https://www.michelson.org/

[monperrus]

Act: Smart contract specification language https://github.com/ethereum/act

Contributor @MrChico may be located in STHLM

[monperrus]

Cairo is a programming language for writing provable programs, where one party can prove to another that a certain computation was executed correctly. https://www.cairo-lang.org/

[monperrus]

Marlowe - a domain-specific language, it covers the world of financial contracts (Cardano)

[monperrus]

Scilla - A Smart Contract Intermediate Level Language

• paper https://ilyasergey.net/papers/scilla-oopsla19.pdf
• tool https://github.com/Zilliqa/scilla

[monperrus]

BitML BitML smart contracts to Bitcoin transactions

• paper https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/122.pdf
• compiler https://github.com/bitml-lang/bitml-compiler

[monperrus]

DeCon, a declarative programming language for implementing smart contracts

• paper Declarative smart contracts https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3540250.3549121
• tool https://github.com/HaoxianChen/declarative-smart-contracts cc/ @HaoxianChen

Verifying Declarative Smart Contracts in DeCon https://faculty.sist.shanghaitech.edu.cn/hxchen/papers/2024-icse-dcv.pdf

[monperrus]

Teal: Algorand smart contracts are written in Transaction Execution Approval Language (TEAL). These contracts can be written directly or with Python using the PyTeal library. https://developer.algorand.org/docs/get-details/dapps/avm/teal/

[monperrus]

Stipula: Pacta sunt servanda: Legal contracts in Stipula

[monperrus]

Noir is a domain specific language for zero knowledge proofs

• repo https://github.com/noir-lang/noir
• paper https://medium.com/aztec-protocol/introducing-noir-the-universal-language-of-zero-knowledge-ff43f38d86d9
• example code: https://github.com/vezenovm/simple_shield/blob/master/circuits/src/main.nr

cc/ @verificatum

[monperrus]

ink! is an embedded DSL eDSL to write smart contracts in Rust for blockchains built on the Substrate framework. ink! contracts are compiled to WebAssembly.

https://github.com/paritytech/ink

cc/ @Jacarte

[monperrus]

Huff is a low level assembly language for the Ethereum Virtual Machine built in blazing-fast pure rust. https://github.com/huff-language

[monperrus]

Daml: A Smart Contract Language for Securely Automating Real-World Multi-Party Business Workflows

• http://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.03749
• https://docs.daml.com/
• Example: https://blog.obsidian.systems/auctions-as-smart-contracts/

[monperrus]

CSL language (Contract Specification Language): https://docs.deondigital.com/latest/csl/index.html

The Deon Runtime is a JVM library that implements the core functionality needed to work with CSL contracts and events https://docs.deondigital.com/latest/ledger-integrations/DeonRuntime.html

[monperrus]

The Cadence Programming Language is a new high-level programming language intended for smart contract development. https://developers.flow.com/cadence/language/index

[monperrus]

sCrypt is a smart contract language for Bitcoin SV https://scrypt.io/ https://scryptdoc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

[monperrus]

Zencode: a non Turing-complete, English-like smart contract DSL https://decodeproject.eu/blog/smart-contracts-english-speaker https://dev.zenroom.org/pages/zenroom_whitepaper.pdf

[monperrus]

Glow is a domain-specific language for writing safe DApps (Decentralized Applications). https://glow-lang.org/

[monperrus]

Flint - a type-safe, contract-oriented programming language specifically designed for writing robust smart contracts on Ethereum

[monperrus]

Formality - an efficient programming language featuring formal proofs

[monperrus]

Lira - a declarative domain-specific language for defining simple yet highly complex financial contracts for EVM

[monperrus]

Sway - a Rust-based Smart Contract Language

[monperrus]

Prisma: embedded DSL in scala

• paper Prisma: A Tierless Language for Enforcing Contract-Client Protocols in Decentralized Applications
• code https://github.com/stg-tud/prisma

[monperrus]

In Hyperledger Fabric, smart contracts, aka "Chaincode" can be written in Go/Golang, Node.js, or Java.

https://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/release-2.5/chaincode_lifecycle.html https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric-samples/blob/main/asset-transfer-basic/chaincode-go/chaincode/smartcontract.go

[algomaster99]

Motoko - programming language for smart contract

[monperrus]

SmartPy a python-like smart contract language for Tezos, used by fxhash https://smartpy.io/

[monperrus]

Dissecting Smart Contract Languages: A Survey. (arXiv:2310.02799v1 [cs.CR]) http://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.02799

Table 5 contains the 36 surveyed languages ADICO Babbage Bamboo Bitcoin Script BitML DAML E eWASM Fi Findel FirmoLang Flint Formality Functional-solidity IELE Ivy L4 Liquidity LLL Logikon Lolisa Michelson Obsidian Plutus Pyramid QSCL Rholang RIDE Scilla Serpent Simplicity Simvolio Solidity SolidityX Viper/Vyper Yul

[monperrus]

Miniscript is a smart contract language for writing Bitcoin Scripts

• https://bitcoin.sipa.be/miniscript/
• https://github.com/sipa/miniscript
• https://github.com/apoelstra/rust-miniscript

[monperrus]

Move is a programming language for writing safe smart contracts originally developed at Facebook

• https://github.com/move-language/move
• https://diem.github.io/move/
• https://github.com/MystenLabs/awesome-move

Now used in the Aptos framework, see https://github.com/aptos-labs/aptos-core 36% of Move

[monperrus]

List from Legally Enforceable Smart-Contract Languages: A Systematic Literature Review. ACM Comput. Surv. 2022

Solidity Vyper Idris Flint Formality Pyramid Findel Michelson Plutus-Core Rholang Marlowe Pact Sophia Fift Ivy Typecoin Lolisa Bamboo Mutan Script Move Obsidian IELE Fi Scilla BitML Simplicity Liquidity F-Sol FSolidM BALZaC LLL Babbage RIDE DSL4SC SmaCoNat ADICO ErgoScript SPESC Reaction- RuleML Commit-RuleML DAML eSML BCRL QSCL

See Table 10 and Table 13

[monperrus]

Plutus is the native smart contract language for Cardano. It is a Turing-complete language written in Haskell, and Plutus smart contracts are effectively Haskell programs

https://docs.cardano.org/smart-contracts/plutus/learn-about-plutus/

See also Translation Certification for Smart Contracts (Plutus)

[monperrus]

Juvix is a language for intent-centric and declarative contracts on the Anoma blockchain

• doc https://docs.juvix.org/
• code https://github.com/anoma/juvix

infrastructure in Haskell

[bbaudry]

Upgrading smart contracts https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/smart-contracts/upgrading/

[monperrus]

Agoric uses a secure subset of JavaScript to enable object capabilities and smart contracts.

• https://agoric.com/
• https://github.com/agoric/

[monperrus]

Stellar’s native smart contracts platform is called Soroban https://soroban.stellar.org/docs The language to write a contract is Rust

[monperrus]

Chialisp is a variant of Lisp for smart contracts on the Chia blockchain. It is a pure and functional language with a focus on security and auditability. https://chialisp.com/

It has been proposed to port it for Bitcoin, see https://delvingbitcoin.org/t/chia-lisp-for-bitcoiners/636

[monperrus]

Aiken for Cardano

Aiken is a high-level language with a minimal set of features for programming the on-chain part, Similarly to Plutus Tx, Aiken is a functional language compiling to Plutus Core

https://cardanofoundation.org/blog/aiken-the-future-of-smart-contracts

[monperrus]

SCIF SCIF: A Language for Compositional Smart Contract Security https://cecchetti.sites.cs.wisc.edu/papers/scif.pdf https://github.com/Neroysq/SCIF

[monperrus]

DeepSEA:

• paper: Foundational Verification of Smart Contracts through Verified Compilation
• tool: https://github.com/shentufoundation/deepsea (compiler written in Ocaml)

[monperrus]

Smart contract languages: A comparative analysis repo: https://github.com/blockchain-unica/rosetta-smart-contracts (2025)(Future Generation Computer Systems)

"We consider 6 leading smart contract languages: Solidity (Ethereum), Rust (Solana), Aiken (Cardano), PyTeal (Algorand), Move (Aptos), SmartPy (Tezos)."