Donald E. Knuth, Francis R. Stevenson. Optimal measurement of points for program frequency counts. BIT Numerical Mathematics 1973, Volume 13, Issue 3, pp 313-322 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01951942 is where it's located online now
Linear-Time Algorithms for Dominators and Related Problems Loukas Georgiadis, Princeton University, November 2005, pp. 21-23: ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/reports/2005/737.pdf
This list does not include LLVM's POLLY polyhedral optimizer nor is it a list of the papers on their website. https://llvm.org/pubs/ for the list of LLVM publications
From SLPVectorizer:
From LoopVectorize:
From HexagonConstPropagation:
From MemoryDependenceAnalysis:
From PGOInstrumentation:
From NewGVN:
From MachinePipeliner:
From DependenceAnalysis.h:
From MachineOutliner:
From LoopCacheAnalysis:
From ShrinkWrap:
From X86SpeculativeLoadHardening: These are all papers on the kinds of Specter attacks and it hardens against them
From VPlanSLP:
From ShadowStackGCLowering:
From DependenceAnalysis:
From GenericDomTreeConstruction.h:
From SLPVectorizer.h:
From LoopVectorize.h:
From CFLAndersAliasAnalysis:
From CFLSteensAliasAnalysis:
This list does not include LLVM's POLLY polyhedral optimizer nor is it a list of the papers on their website. https://llvm.org/pubs/ for the list of LLVM publications
http://polyhedral.info/ for polyhedral descriptions in general https://polly.llvm.org/publications.html has a list of publications that cite LLVM's polly.
GCC also has a lot of publications and referenced papers in it so...