feat: article 'Why TypeScript Doesn't Include a `throws` Keyword'

[JoshuaKGoldberg]

PR Checklist

• [x] Addresses an existing open issue: fixes #138
• [x] That issue was marked as accepting prs
• [x] Steps in CONTRIBUTING.md were taken

Overview

Adds the article covering why the throw types seem nice, all the blockers to having them in JS/TS, and some preferred alternatives.

[JoshuaKGoldberg]

Thanks @jfmengels! Added a credit at the bottom and touched up the typos you referenced.