17/18_Msc_TOEFL_Week3

[LeeKeifon]

Monday

TPO9_Reading

Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast

[LeeKeifon]

Tuesday

TPO9_Reading 相对简单，故正确率较高

Reflection in Teaching

The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii

陌生词语

lichen：n. 地衣；青苔、vt. 使长满地衣 breeze：n. 微风；轻而易举的事；煤屑；焦炭渣；小风波、vi. 吹微风；逃走 forbidding：adj. 令人生畏的；严峻的；险恶的、v. 禁止；不准（forbid的ing形式） toehold：n. 克服困难的办法，排除障碍的方法；小立足点 flora：n. 植物区系；植物群 symbiotic：adj. [生态] 共生的；共栖的 fungus：n. 真菌，霉菌；菌类 alga：n. 水藻 photosynthesis：n. 光合作用 molecule：n. [化学] 分子；微小颗粒，微粒 organic：adj. [有化] 有机的；组织的；器官的；根本的 nourish：vt. 滋养；怀有；使健壮 decomposition：n. 分解，腐烂；变质 molten：adj. 熔化的；铸造的；炽热的/v. 换毛；脱毛（molt的过去分词） bowel：n. 肠；内部；同情/vt. 将……的肚肠取出 flourish：n. 兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰/vt. 夸耀；挥舞/vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期 propagate：vt. 传播；传送；繁殖；宣传/vi. 繁殖；增殖 sheer：adj. 绝对的；透明的；峻峭的；纯粹的/adv. 完全；陡峭地/vi. 偏航/vt. 使偏航；使急转向/n. 偏航；透明薄织物 multiply：vt. 乘; （使） 相乘; （使） 增加; （使） 繁殖;adv. 多样地; 复合地; 多倍地; [电学] 并联地，多路地;adj. 多层的; 多样的; 多股的; multiple：adj. 多重的; 多个的; 复杂的; 多功能的;n.<数>倍数; [电工学] 并联; 连锁商店; 下有多个分社的旅行社; naked：adj. 裸体的；无装饰的；无证据的；直率的 angiosperm：n. [植] 被子植物 tempting：adj. 吸引人的；诱惑人的/v. 引诱（tempt的ing形式） gossamer：n. 蛛丝；薄纱；小蜘蛛网/adj. 轻飘飘的；薄弱的 dormant：adj. 休眠的；静止的；睡眠状态的；隐匿的 drift：n. 漂流，漂移；趋势；漂流物/vi. 漂流，漂移；漂泊/vt. 使…漂流；使…受风吹积 prolonged：adj. 延长的；拖延的；持续很久的 immersion：n. 沉浸；陷入；专心

长难句

• Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks.
• A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land.
• The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae.
• Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth.

[LeeKeifon]

Wednesday

TPO10_Reading TPO11_Reading

Chinese Pottery

Variations in the climate

Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth

Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

Orientation and Navigation

Begging by Nestlings

a new development introduced by the English.

• The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament 宗教雕塑的传统在大部分历史时期中都有延续，但是没有炻器和瓷器质地的雕塑描绘的那么清晰，有一种古老的习俗，就是将刻着新的宗教形象和建筑装饰的陶器作为陪葬品。

Problem Solved

[LeeKeifon]

Thursday

TPO12_Reading

Which Hand Did They Use?

陌生词语

trace：vi. 追溯；沿路走/vt. 追踪，查探；描绘；回溯/n. 痕迹，踪迹；微量；[仪] 迹线；缰绳 stencil：n. 漏字板；模板 palm：n. 手掌；棕榈树；掌状物/vt. 将…藏于掌中 furnish：vt. 提供；供应；装备 engraving：n. 雕刻；雕刻术；雕刻品/v. 在…上雕刻；给…深刻的印象（engrave的ing形式） lit：adj. 照亮的，点着的（light的过去式及过去分词） in the few cases：在很多情况下 rope：n. 绳，绳索/vt. 捆，绑/vi. 拧成绳状 tress：n. 一绺头发；发辫；卷发；枝条/vt. 把（头发）梳理成绺 criteria：n. 标准，条件（criterion的复数） asymmetrical：adj. [数] 非对称的（等于asymmetric）；不均匀的；不匀称的 not long after：不久之后

长难句

• Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory?
• One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand.
• Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.
• In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the right hand. 很多冰河时期的雕塑都被雕刻为拿着一些物品的摸样，尽管不是绝对的，但是起码大多数都是放在右手上。
• Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced.
• As the tool was made, the core was rotated clockwise, and the flakes, removed in sequence, had a little crescent of cortex (the core's outer surface) on the side.

Transition to Sound in film

阅读有一定障碍，花费时间较多

陌生词语

shift：n. 移动；变化；手段；轮班/vi. 移动；转变；转换/vt. 转移；改变；替换 watershed：n. （美）流域；分水岭；集水区；转折点/adj. 标志转折点的 yet：adv. 还；但是；已经/conj. 但是；然而 conceal：vt. 隐藏；隐瞒 periodization：n. [数] 周期化；（历史等的）时期（或时代）划分 paradox：n. 悖论，反论；似非而是的论点；自相矛盾的人或事 a host of： instance：n. 实例；情况；建议/vt. 举...为例 aural：adj. 听觉的；耳的；气味的；先兆的 craft：n. 工艺；手艺；太空船/vt. 精巧地制作 premiere：adj. 首位的；初次的；女主角的vi. 初次公演；首次露面/vt. 初次公演；初次上演/n. 初次的演出；女主角 triumph：n. 胜利，凯旋；欢欣/vi. 获得胜利，成功 simultaneously ：同时地 overshadow：vt. 使失色；使阴暗；遮阴；夺去…的光彩 startling：adj. 令人吃惊的 suppress：vt. 抑制；镇压；废止 retarded：adj. 智力迟钝的；发展迟缓的 be put off a strain of：一连串 novelty：n. 新奇；新奇的事物；新颖小巧而廉价的物品 make a common assumption：有共同的假设 invariably：adv. 总是；不变地；一定地 inadequacy：n. 不足; 缺陷; 不充分; 毛病; early effort：早期成果 evaluation：n. 评价；[审计] 评估；估价；求值 neglect：vt. 疏忽，忽视；忽略/n. 疏忽，忽视；怠慢 flaw：n. 瑕疵，缺点；一阵狂风；短暂的风暴；裂缝，裂纹/v. 使生裂缝，使有裂纹；使无效；使有缺陷/vi. 生裂缝；变的有缺陷 in a sense：在某种意义上，在一定程度上; avenue：n. 大街；林荫大道；[比喻] (达到某物的)途径，手段，方法，渠道 exploitation：n. 开发，开采；利用；广告推销；exploit v.剥削 asset：n. 资产；优点；有用的东西；有利条件；财产；有价值的人或物 revitalize：vt. 使…复活；使…复兴；使…恢复生气 figure：n. 数字；人物；图形；价格；（人的）体形；画像/vi. 计算；出现；扮演角色/vt. 计算；认为；描绘；象征 take account of：考虑 virtually complete：几乎完成 prohibitive：adj. 禁止的，禁止性的；抑制的；（费用，价格等）过高的；类同禁止的 enormously：adv. 巨大地，庞大地；非常地，在极大程度上

长难句

• In nearly every language, however the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.
• Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures.
• In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States.
• Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920s. New color processes, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with startling success.
• Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.
• To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.
• In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films—a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound.

[LeeKeifon]

Friday

TPO13_Reading

Types Of Social Groups

答题技巧

• 两个过渡点，分别是连词for example和名词healthier life choices，根据for example排除C和D，因为原文也有for example，而正常说话的时候两个for example是不连续使用的； 这个解释有道理在于，一般书写习惯是不会连续写两句for example的句子的

• 因果是原文完全没说的(我选的答案是):discussing causes and their effects 答案没看懂(十分透彻地理解答案)，原来这句话叫做“因果”

  陌生词语

  长难句

Methods Of Studying Infant Perception

答题技巧

• 以brain做关键词定位至倒数第二句 做题的时候，发现四个答案都错了。其实原因在于句子位置找错了。答案解释是定在了倒数第2句，而我做题的时候是定在了最后一句。这提醒我，如果再出现这种情况，记得再看看一前一后共两句话。大范围我应该是不会找错的，小范围可能会出现错误。

  陌生词语

  perceptual：adj. 知觉的；感知的；有知觉的 stimuli：n. 刺激；刺激物；促进因素（stimulus的复数） determine：v. （使）下决心，（使）做出决定/vt. 决定，确定；判定，判决；限定/vi. 确定；决定；判决，终止；[主用于法律]了结，终止，结束 so forth=so on motor activity：肌动活动; quantify：vt. 量化；为…定量；确定数量/vi. 量化；定量 diffuse：adj. 弥漫的；散开的/vt. 扩散；传播；漫射/vi. 传播；四散 potent：adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的 assessment：n. 评定；估价 conclusive：adj. 决定性的；最后的；确实的；确定性的 apparatus：n. 装置，设备；仪器；器官 vogue：n. 时尚；流行，时髦/adj. 时髦的，流行的 decline：n. 下降；衰退；斜面/vi. 下降；衰落；谢绝/vt. 谢绝；婉拒 olfactory：adj. 嗅觉的；味道的/n. 嗅觉器官 evoke：vt. 引起，唤起；博得 discriminate：vt. 歧视；区别；辨别/vi. 区别；辨别 neonate：n. 婴儿 suspect：n. 嫌疑犯/adj. 可疑的；不可信的/vt. 怀疑；猜想/vi. 怀疑；猜想

  长难句

• In the study of perceptual abilities of infants, a number of techniques are used to determine infants' responses to various stimuli.
• Each of these methods compares an infant's state prior to the introduction of a stimulus with its state during or immediately following the stimulus.
• First, the observation may be unreliable in that two or more observers may not agree that the particular response occurred, or to what degree it occurred.

[LeeKeifon]

Saturday

TPO14_Reading

Children and Advertising

Maya Water Problems

陌生词语

Properly speaking：严格地讲 homeland n. 祖国；故乡 dense adj. 稠密的；浓厚的；愚钝的 variable adj. 变量的；可变的；易变的，多变的；变异的，[生物] 畸变的 n. [数] 变量；可变物，可变因素 presumably adv. 大概；推测起来；可假定 underlie vt. 成为……的基础；位于……之下 well adv. 很好地；充分地；满意地；适当地 adj. 良好的；健康的；适宜的 n. 井；源泉 v. 涌出 terrain n. [地理] 地形，地势；领域；地带 rolling n. 旋转；动摇；轰响 adj. 旋转的；起伏的；波动的 upland n. 山地，高地 adj. 山地的，高地的 depression n. 沮丧；洼地；不景气；忧愁 plaster n. 石膏；灰泥；膏药 vt. 减轻；粘贴；涂以灰泥；敷以膏药；使平服 reservoir n. 水库；蓄水池 plug up leaks：堵住裂口 dike n. 堤防，堤坝；障碍物；（英）壕沟 vt. 筑堤防护；开沟排水（等于dyke） prolonged adj. 延长的；拖延的；持续很久的

长难句

• This view is inaccurate, and the reason proves to be important. 这种观点并不准确，但是环境因素的意义还是很重要的。
• From north to south in the Yucatan Peninsula, where the Maya lived, rainfall ranges from 18 to 100 inches (457 to 2,540 millimeters) per year, and the soils become thicker, so that the southern peninsula was agriculturally more productive and supported denser populations. 玛雅人所居住的尤卡坦半岛自北向南的年降水量为18到100英寸（457到2540毫米）逐级递增的，而且土壤厚度也是逐渐增加，所以半岛南部的农业生产力相对较高，也就能养活更多人口。
• While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modern archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north. 生活在南部地区的人古玛雅人所面临的麻烦，如今也困扰着考古学家，他们想不通为什么湿润的南方比干旱的北方更容易受到旱灾影响。
• 但是提卡尔以及其他城市的居民们的饮用水都靠这些水库解决，如果18个月持久干旱滴雨未下，之后他们便要陷入困境。A shorter drought in which they exhausted their stored food supplies might already have gotten them in deep trouble, because growing crops required rain rather than reservoirs. 即使是短期的干旱，储存的食物供应的耗费或许已经让他们举步维艰，因为农作物的生长需水量要比水库大得多。

Pastoralism In Ancient Inner Eurasia

陌生词语

Eurasia n. 欧亚大陆 Archaeological adj. [古] 考古学的；[古] 考古学上的 prestige n. 威望，声望；声誉 cattle n. 牛；牲畜（骂人的话）；家畜；无价值的人 pastoralism n.牧民；畜牧业 profound adj. 深厚的；意义深远的；渊博的 domesticate vt. 驯养；教化；引进；(种植)植物；(饲养)动物 vi. 驯养；使习惯于或喜爱家务和家庭生活 in general：adv.通常; 大体上; 一般而言，总的来说; exploit vt. 开发，开拓；剥削；开采 n. 勋绩；功绩 nomad n. 游牧民；流浪者 adj. 游牧的；流浪的 territory 领土; （某人负责的） 地区; （个人、群体、动物等占据的） 领域; 地盘; linguistic adj. 语言的；语言学的 astonishing adj. 惊人的；令人惊讶的 v. 使…惊讶；使…诧异 expansionist adj. 扩张主义的 n. 领土扩张论者；扩张主义者 foraging n. 觅食（forage的ing形式）；觅食力 stock n. 股份，股票；库存；血统；树干 adj. 存货的，常备的；平凡的 vt. 进货；备有；装把手于… vi. 囤积；办货；出新芽 surpluse n. 剩余额 subject to 使服从，使遭受 容易遭受，受…管制 household adj. 家庭的；日常的；王室的 n. 家庭；一家人 by and large 大体上; 总的来说，大体而言; 大致如此; inhibit/inhabitant vt. 抑制；禁止 n.居民 conquest n. 征服，战胜；战利品 hereditary adj. 遗传的；世袭的；世代相传的 n. 遗传类 steep adj. 陡峭的；不合理的；夸大的；急剧升降的 vt. 泡；浸；使…充满 vi. 泡；沉浸 n. 峭壁；浸渍 hierarchy n.等级制度;统治集团;领导层;层次体系

长难句

• It is the use of horses for transportation and warfare that explains why Inner Eurasian pastoralism proved the most mobile and the most militaristic of all major forms of pastoralism. 正是马在交通运输和战争中的使用解释了为什么欧亚大陆内部的畜牧被证明是所有重要畜牧形式中最不固定和最具军事性的一种。
• All else being equal, this means they must exploit larger areas of land than do agriculturalists to secure the same amount of food, clothing, and other necessities. 其他方面相同的情况下，这就意味着如果他们要保证与农业相同的食物、衣物以及其他生活必需品，他们就必须开拓出比农业更大的区域。
• Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. 游牧也同样受制于畜牧群体中的严格的可移植性规则。
• So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. 所以，大体上来说，游牧民族高度自给自足并且抑制粗放式劳动分工。

[LeeKeifon]

Sunday

TPO15_Reading

TPO16_Reading

Trade and the Ancient Middle East

几乎全错