Update Rust crate clap to v4

[renovate[bot]]

This PR contains the following updates:

Package	Type	Update	Change
clap	dependencies	major	3.2.23 -> 4.0.32

---

Release Notes

clap-rs/clap

### [`v4.0.32`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4032---2022-12-22) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.31...v4.0.32) ##### Fixes - *(parser)* When overriding `required(true)`, consider args that conflict with its group ### [`v4.0.31`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4031---2022-12-22) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.30...v4.0.31) ##### Performance - Speed up parsing when a lot of different flags are present (100 unique flags) ### [`v4.0.30`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4030---2022-12-21) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.29...v4.0.30) ##### Fixes - *(error)* Improve error for `args_conflicts_with_subcommand` ### [`v4.0.29`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4029---2022-11-29) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.28...v4.0.29) ### [`v4.0.28`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4028---2022-11-29) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.27...v4.0.28) ##### Fixes - Fix wasm support which was broken in 4.0.27 ### [`v4.0.27`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4027---2022-11-24) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.26...v4.0.27) ##### Features - Have `Arg::value_parser` accept `Vec>` - Implement `Display` and `FromStr` for `ColorChoice` ##### Fixes - Remove soundness issue by switching from `atty` to `is-terminal` ### [`v4.0.26`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4026---2022-11-16) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.25...v4.0.26) ##### Fixes - *(error)* Fix typos in `ContextKind::as_str` ### [`v4.0.25`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4025---2022-11-15) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.24...v4.0.25) ##### Features - *(error)* Report available subcommands when required subcommand is missing ### [`v4.0.24`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4024---2022-11-14) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.23...v4.0.24) ##### Fixes - Avoid panic when printing an argument that isn't built ### [`v4.0.23`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4023---2022-11-11) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.22...v4.0.23) ##### Fixes - Don't panic on reporting invalid-long errors when followed by invalid UTF8 - *(help)* Clarified argument to `help` subcommand ### [`v4.0.22`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4022---2022-11-07) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.21...v4.0.22) ##### Fixes - *(help)* Don't overflow into next-line-help early due to stale (pre-v4) padding calculations ### [`v4.0.21`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4021---2022-11-07) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.20...v4.0.21) ##### Features - *(derive)* `long_about` and `long_help` attributes, without a value, force using doc comment (before it wouldn't be set if there wasn't anything different than the short help) ### [`v4.0.20`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4020---2022-11-07) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.19...v4.0.20) ##### Fixes - *(derive)* Allow defaulted value parser for '()' fields ### [`v4.0.19`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4019---2022-11-04) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.18...v4.0.19) ##### Features - `ColorChoice` now implements `ValueEnum` ### [`v4.0.18`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4018---2022-10-20) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.17...v4.0.18) ##### Fixes - *(derive)* Allow `#[command(skip)]` to also work with enum variants with a value ### [`v4.0.17`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4017---2022-10-18) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.16...v4.0.17) ##### Fixes - Allow using `Arg::last(true)` with `Arg::value_hint(ValueHint::CommandWithArguments)` ### [`v4.0.16`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4016---2022-10-18) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.15...v4.0.16) ##### Fixes - `Arg::exclusive(true)` should not be exclusive with the argument's own `ArgGroup` ### [`v4.0.15`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4015---2022-10-13) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.14...v4.0.15) ##### Fixes - *(error)* Don't suggest `--` when it doesn't help - *(error)* Be more consistent in quoting, punctuation, and indentation in errors ### [`v4.0.14`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4014---2022-10-12) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.13...v4.0.14) ##### Fixes - Only put `ArgGroup` in `ArgMatches` when explicitly specified, fixing derives handling of option-flattened fields ([#​4375](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4375)) ### [`v4.0.13`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4013---2022-10-11) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.12...v4.0.13) ##### Features - *(derive)* Allow `()` for fields to mean "don't read" ([#​4371](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4371)) ### [`v4.0.12`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4012---2022-10-10) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.11...v4.0.12) ##### Features - Added `TypedValueParser::try_map` for when adapting an existing `TypedValueParser` can fail - *(error)* Create errors like clap with `Error::new`, `Error::with_cmd`, and `Error::insert` ### [`v4.0.11`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4011---2022-10-09) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.10...v4.0.11) ##### Fixes - *(help)* Fix wrapping calculations with ANSI escape codes ### [`v4.0.10`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4010---2022-10-05) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.9...v4.0.10) ##### Features - *(derive)* Support `#[arg(flatten)]` on `Option` types ([#​4211](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4211), [#​4350](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4350)) ### [`v4.0.9`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​409---2022-10-03) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.8...v4.0.9) ##### Fixes - *(derive)* Process doc comments for `#[command(subcommand)]` like in clap v3 ### [`v4.0.8`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​408---2022-10-01) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.7...v4.0.8) ##### Fixes - *(derive)* Remove a low-value assert preventing defaulting `Help` and `Version` actions ### [`v4.0.7`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​407---2022-09-30) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.6...v4.0.7) ##### Features - *(derive)* Populate implicit ArgGroup ([#​3165](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3165)) ##### Fixes - *(derive)* Support `#[group(skip)]` on `Parser` derive - *(derive)* Tell users about implicit arg groups when running into group name conflicts - *(error)* Don't report unrelated groups in conflict or requires errors ### [`v4.0.6`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​406---2022-09-30) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.5...v4.0.6) ##### Features - *(derive)* Support `#[group(skip)]` ([#​4279](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4279), [#​4301](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4301)) ### [`v4.0.5`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​405---2022-09-30) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.4...v4.0.5) ### [`v4.0.4`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​404---2022-09-29) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.3...v4.0.4) ##### Fixes - *(error)* Specialize the self-conflict error to look like clap v3 ### [`v4.0.3`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4032---2022-12-22) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.2...v4.0.3) ##### Fixes - *(parser)* When overriding `required(true)`, consider args that conflict with its group ### [`v4.0.2`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4029---2022-11-29) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.1...v4.0.2) ### [`v4.0.1`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​4019---2022-11-04) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.0.0...v4.0.1) ##### Features - `ColorChoice` now implements `ValueEnum` ### [`v4.0.0`](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/HEAD/CHANGELOG.md#​400---2022-09-28) [Compare Source](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v3.2.23...v4.0.0) ##### Highlights **`Arg::num_args(range)`** Clap has had several ways for controlling how many values will be captured without always being clear on how they interacted, including - `Arg::multiple_values(true)` - `Arg::number_of_values(4)` - `Arg::min_values(2)` - `Arg::max_values(20)` - `Arg::takes_value(true)` These have now all been collapsed into `Arg::num_args` which accepts both single values and ranges of values. `num_args` controls how many raw arguments on the command line will be captured as values per occurrence and independent of value delimiters. See [Issue 2688](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2688) for more background. **Polishing Help** Clap strives to give a polished CLI experience out of the box with little ceremony. With some feedback that has accumulated over time, we took this release as an opportunity to re-evaluate our `--help` output to make sure it is meeting that goal. In doing this evaluation, we wanted to keep in mind: - Whether other CLIs had ideas that make sense to apply - Providing an experience that fits within the rest of applications and works across all shells Before: git A fictional versioning CLI USAGE: git OPTIONS: -h, --help Print help information SUBCOMMANDS: add adds things clone Clones repos help Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s) push pushes things stash After: A fictional versioning CLI Usage: git Commands: clone Clones repos push pushes things add adds things stash help Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s) Options: -h, --help Print help information - name/version header was removed because we couldn't justify the space it occupied when - Usage already includes the name - `--version` is available for showing the same thing (if the program has a version set) - Usage was dropped to one line to save space - Focus is put on the subcommands - Headings are now Title case - The more general term "command" is used rather than being explicit about being "subcommands" - The output is more dense with the expectation that it won't affect legibility but will allow more content - We've moved to a more neutral palette for highlighting elements (not highlighted above) In talking to users, we found some that liked clap's `man`-like experience. When deviating from this, we are making the assumption that those are more power users and that the majority of users wouldn't look as favorably on being consistent with `man`. See [Issue 4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132) for more background. **More Dynamicism** Clap's API has focused on `&str` for performance but this can make dealing with owned data difficult, like `#[arg(default_value_t)]` generating a String from the default value. Additionally, to avoid `ArgMatches` from borrowing (and for some features we decided to forgo), clap took the `&str` argument IDs and hashed them. This prevented us from providing a usable API for iterating over existing arguments. Now clap has switched to a string newtype that gives us the flexibility to decide whether to use `&'static str`, `Cow<'static, str>` for fast dynamic behavior, or `Box` for dynamic behavior with small binary size. As an extension of that work, you can now call `ArgMatches::ids` to iterate over the arguments and groups that were found when parsing. The newtype `Id` was used to prevent some classes of bugs and to make it easier to understand when opaque Ids are used vs user-visible strings. **Clearing Out Deprecations** Instead of doing all development on clap 4.0.0, we implemented a lot of new features during clap 3's development, deprecating the old API while introducing the new API, including: - Replacing the implicit behavior for args when parsing them with `ArgAction` - Replacing various one-off forms of value validation with the `ValueParser` API - Allowing derives to automatically do the right thing for `PathBuf` (allowing invalid UTF-8) - Replacing `AppSettings` and `ArgSettings` enums with getters/setters - Clarifying terms and making them more consistent ##### Migrating Steps: 0. [Upgrade to v3](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v3-master/CHANGELOG.md#migrating) if you haven't already 1. Add CLI tests (including example below), `-h` and `--help` output at a minimum (recommendation: [trycmd](https://docs.rs/trycmd/) for snapshot testing) 2. *If using Builder API*: Explicitly set the `arg.action(ArgAction::...)` on each argument (`StoreValue` for options and `IncOccurrences` for flags) 3. Run `cargo check --features clap/deprecated` and resolve all deprecation warnings 4. Upgrade to v4 5. Update feature flags - *If `default-features = false`*, run `cargo add clap -F help,usage,error-context` - Run `cargo add clap -F wrap_help` unless you want to hard code line wraps 6. Resolve compiler errors 7. Resolve behavior changes (see "subtle changes" under BREAKING CHANGES) 8. *At your leisure:* resolve new deprecation notices Example test (derive): ```rust #[derive(clap::Parser)] struct Cli { ... } #[test] fn verify_cli() { use clap::CommandFactory; Cli::command().debug_assert() } ``` Example test (builder): ```rust fn cli() -> clap::Command { ... } #[test] fn verify_cli() { cli().debug_assert(); } ``` Note: the idiomatic / recommended way of specifying different types of args in the Builder API has changed: Before ```rust .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag")) # --flag .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option").takes_value(true)) # --option ``` After: ```rust .arg(Arg::new("flag").long("flag").action(ArgAction::SetTrue)) # --flag .arg(Arg::new("option").long("option")) # --option ``` In particular, `num_args` (the replacement for `takes_value`) will default appropriately from the `ArgAction` and generally only needs to be set explicitly for the other `num_args` use cases. ##### Breaking Changes Subtle changes (i.e. compiler won't catch): - `arg!` now sets one of ([#​3795](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3795)): - `ArgAction::SetTrue`, requiring `ArgMatches::get_flag` instead of `ArgMatches::is_present` - `ArgAction::Count`, requiring `ArgMatches::get_count` instead of `ArgMatches::occurrences_of` - `ArgAction::Set`, requiring `ArgMatches::get_one` instead of `ArgMatches::value_of` - `ArgAction::Append`, requiring `ArgMatches::get_many` instead of `ArgMatches::values_of` - `ArgAction::Set`, `ArgAction::SetTrue`, and `Arg::Action::SetFalse` now conflict by default to be like `ArgAction::StoreValue` and `ArgAction::IncOccurrences`, requiring `cmd.args_override_self(true)` to override instead ([#​4261](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4261)) - By default, an `Arg`s default action is `ArgAction::Set`, rather than `ArgAction::IncOccurrence` to reduce confusing magic through consistency ([#​2687](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2687), [#​4032](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4032), see also [#​3977](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3977)) - `mut_arg` can no longer be used to customize help and version arguments, instead disable them (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) and provide your own ([#​4056](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4056)) - Removed lifetimes from `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, and `PossibleValue`, assuming `'static`. `string` feature flag will enable support for `String`s ([#​1041](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1041), [#​2150](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2150), [#​4223](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4223)) - `arg!(--flag )` is now optional, instead of required. Add `.required(true)` at the end to restore the original behavior ([#​4206](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4206)) - Added default feature flags, `help`, `usage` and `error-context`, requiring adding them back in if `default-features = false` ([#​4236](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4236)) - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands to make it easier to distinguish them from built-in commands ([#​3263](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3263)) - *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, to be consistent with `Command::allow_hyphen_values` ([#​4187](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4187)) - *(parser)* `Arg::value_terminator` must be its own argument on the CLI rather than being in a delimited list ([#​4025](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4025)) - *(help)* Line wrapping of help is now behind the existing `wrap_help` feature flag, either enable it or hard code your wraps ([#​4258](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4258)) - *(help)* Make `DeriveDisplayOrder` the default and removed the setting. To sort help, set `next_display_order(None)` ([#​2808](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2808)) - *(help)* Subcommand display order respects `Command::next_display_order` instead of `DeriveDisplayOrder` and using its own initial display order value ([#​2808](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2808)) - *(help)* Subcommands are now listed before arguments. To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template` ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132)) - *(help)* Help headings are now title cased, making any user-provided help headings inconsistent. To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`, `Arg::help_heading`, and `Command::subcommand_help_heading` ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132)) - *(help)* "Command" is used as the section heading for subcommands and `COMMAND` for the value name. To get the old behavior, see `Command::subcommand_help_heading` and `Arg::subcommand_value_name` ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4155](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4155)) - *(help)* Whitespace in help output is now trimmed to ensure consistency regardless of how well a template matches the users needs. ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4156](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4156)) - *(help)* name/version/author are removed by default from help output. To get the old behavior, see `Command::help_template`. ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4160](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4160)) - *(help)* Indentation for second-line usage changed. ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4188](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4188)) - *(env)* Parse `--help` and `--version` like any `ArgAction::SetTrue` flag ([#​3776](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3776)) - *(derive)* Leave `Arg::id` as `verbatim` casing, requiring updating of string references to other args like in `conflicts_with` or `requires` ([#​3282](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3282)) - *(derive)* Doc comments for `ValueEnum` variants will now show up in `--help` ([#​3312](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3312)) - *(derive)* When deriving `Args`, and `ArgGroup` is created using the type's name, reserving it for future use ([#​2621](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2621), [#​4209](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4209)) - *(derive)* `next_help_heading` can now leak out of a `#[clap(flatten)]`, like all other command settings ([#​4222](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4222)) Easier to catch changes: - Looking up a group in `ArgMatches` now returns the arg `Id`s, rather than the values to reduce overhead and offer more flexibility. ([#​4072](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4072)) - Changed `Arg::number_of_values` (average-across-occurrences) to `Arg::num_args` (per-occurrence) (raw CLI args, not parsed values) ([#​2688](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2688), [#​4023](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4023)) - `num_args(0)` no longer implies `takes_value(true).multiple_values(true)` ([#​4023](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4023)) - `num_args(1)` no longer implies `multiple_values(true)` ([#​4023](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4023)) - Does not check default or env values, only what the user explicitly passes in ([#​4025](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4025)) - No longer terminates on delimited values ([#​4025](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4025)) - Replace `Arg::min_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(N..)` (per occurrence) to reduce confusion over different value count APIs ([#​4023](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4023)) - Replace `Arg::max_values` (across all occurrences) with `Arg::num_args(1..=M)` (per occurrence) to reduce confusion over different value count APIs ([#​4023](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4023)) - Replace `Arg::multiple_values(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1..)` and `Arg::multiple_values(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)` to reduce confusion over different value count APIs ([#​4023](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4023)) - Replace `Arg::takes_value(true)` with `Arg::num_args(1)` and `Arg::takes_value(false)` with `Arg::num_args(0)` to reduce confusion over different value count APIs - Remove `Arg::require_value_delimiter`, either users could use `Arg::value_delimiter` or implement a custom parser with `TypedValueParser` as it was mostly to make `multiple_values(true)` act like `multiple_values(false)` and isn't needed anymore ([#​4026](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4026)) - `Arg::new("help")` and `Arg::new("version")` no longer implicitly disable the built-in flags and be copied to all subcommands, instead disable the built-in flags (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) and mark the custom flags as `global(true)`. ([#​4056](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4056)) - `Arg::short('h')` no longer implicitly disables the short flag for help, instead disable the built-in flags (`Command::disable_help_flag`, `Command::disable_version_flag`) provide your own `Arg::new("help").long("help").action(ArgAction::Help).global(true)`. ([#​4056](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4056)) - `ArgAction::SetTrue` and `ArgAction::SetFalse` now prioritize `Arg::default_missing_value` over their standard behavior ([#​4000](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4000)) - Changed `Arg::requires_ifs` and `Arg::default_value*_ifs*` to taking an `ArgPredicate`, removing ambiguity with `None` when accepting owned and borrowed types ([#​4084](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4084)) - Removed `PartialEq` and `Eq` from `Command` so we could change external subcommands to use a `ValueParser` ([#​3990](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3990)) - Various `Arg`, `Command`, and `ArgGroup` calls were switched from accepting `&[]` to `[]` via `IntoIterator` to be more flexible ([#​4072](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4072)) - `Arg::short_aliases` and other builder functions that took `&[]` need the `&` dropped ([#​4081](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4081)) - `ErrorKind` and `Result` moved into the `error` module - `ErrorKind::EmptyValue` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidValue` to remove an unnecessary special case ([#​3676](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3676), [#​3968](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3968)) - `ErrorKind::UnrecognizedSubcommand` replaced with `ErrorKind::InvalidSubcommand` to remove an unnecessary special case ([#​3676](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3676)) - Changed the default type of `allow_external_subcommands` from `String` to `OsString` as that is less likely to cause bugs in user applications ([#​3990](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3990)) - *(help)* `Command::render_usage` now returns a `StyledStr` ([#​4248](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4248)) - *(derive)* Changed the default for arguments from `parse` to `value_parser`, removing `parse` support ([#​3827](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3827), [#​3981](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3981)) - `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` are now redundant - *(derive)* `subcommand_required(true).arg_required_else_help(true)` is set instead of `SubcommandRequiredElseHelp` to give more meaningful errors when subcommands are missing and to reduce redundancy ([#​3280](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3280)) - *(derive)* Remove `arg_enum` attribute in favor of `value_enum` to match the new name (we didn't have support in v3 to mark it deprecated) ([#​4127](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4127)) - *(parser)* Assert when the CLI looksup an unknown args when external subcommand support is enabled to help catch bugs ([#​3703](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3703)) - *(assert)* Sometimes `Arg::default_missing_value` didn't require `num_args(0..=N)`, now it does ([#​4023](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4023)) - *(assert)* Leading dashes in `Arg::long` are no longer allowed ([#​3691](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3691)) - *(assert)* Disallow more `value_names` than `num_args` ([#​2695](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2695)) - *(assert)* Always enforce that version is specified when the `ArgAction::Version` is used - *(assert)* Add missing `#[track_caller]`s to make it easier to debug asserts - *(assert)* Ensure `overrides_with` IDs are valid - *(assert)* Ensure no self-`overrides_with` now that Actions replace it - *(assert)* Ensure subcommand names are not duplicated - *(assert)* Assert on `mut_arg` receiving an invalid arg ID or `mut_subcommand` receiving an invalid command name ##### Compatibility MSRV is now 1.60.0 Deprecated - `Arg::use_value_delimiter` in favor of `Arg::value_delimiter` to avoid having multiple ways of doing the same thing - `Arg::requires_all` in favor of `Arg::requires_ifs` now that it takes an `ArgPredicate` to avoid having multiple ways of doing the same thing - `Arg::number_of_values` in favor of `Arg::num_args` to clarify semantic differences - `default_value_os`, `default_values_os`, `default_value_if_os`, and `default_value_ifs_os` as the non `_os` variants now accept either a `str` or an `OsStr` ([#​4141](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4141)) - `Arg::env_os` in favor of `Arg::env` - `Command::dont_collapse_args_in_usage` is now the default ([#​4151](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4151)) - `Command::trailing_var_arg` in favor of `Arg::trailing_var_arg` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to ([#​4187](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4187)) - `Command::allow_hyphen_values` in favor of `Arg::allow_hyphen_values` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to ([#​4187](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4187)) - `Command::allow_negative_numbers` in favor of `Arg::allow_negative_numbers` to make it clearer which arg it is meant to apply to ([#​4187](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4187)) - *(help)* Deprecated `Command::write_help` and `Command::write_long_help` in favor of `Command::render_help` and `Command::render_long_help` ([#​4248](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4248)) - *(derive)* `structopt` and `clap` attributes in favor of the more specific `command`, `arg`, and `value` to open the door for [more features](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1807) and [clarify relationship to the builder](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/4090) ([#​1807](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/1807), [#​4180](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4180)) - *(derive)* `#[clap(value_parser)]` and `#[clap(action)]` defaulted attributes (its the default) ([#​3976](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3976)) Behavior Changes - *(help)* With `wrap_help` feature, if the terminal size cannot be determined, `LINES` and `COLUMNS` variables are used ([#​4186](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4186)) ##### Features - `Arg::num_args` now accepts ranges, allowing setting both the minimum and maximum number of values per occurrence ([#​2688](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2688), [#​4023](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4023)) - Allow non-bool `value_parser`s for `ArgAction::SetTrue` / `ArgAction::SetFalse` ([#​4092](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4092)) - Add `From<&OsStr>`, `From`, `From<&str>`, and `From` to `value_parser!` ([#​4257](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4257)) - Allow resetting most builder methods - Can now pass runtime generated data to `Command`, `Arg`, `ArgGroup`, `PossibleValue`, etc without managing lifetimes with the `string` feature flag ([#​2150](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/2150), [#​4223](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4223)) - New default `error-context`, `help` and `usage` feature flags that can be turned off for smaller binaries ([#​4236](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4236)) - Added `StyledStr::ansi()` to `Display` with ANSI escape codes ([#​4248](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4248)) - *(error)* `Error::apply` for changing the formatter for dropping binary size ([#​4111](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4111)) - *(error)* `Error::render`for formatting the error into a `StyledStr` - *(help)* Show `PossibleValue::help` in long help (`--help`) ([#​3312](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3312)) - *(help)* New `{tab}` variable for `Command::help_template` ([#​4161](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4161)) - *(help)* `Command::render_help` and `Command::render_long_help` for formatting the error into a `StyledStr` ([#​3873](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3873), [#​4248](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4248)) - *(help)* `Command::render_usage` now returns a `StyledStr` ([#​4248](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4248)) ##### Fixes - Verify `required` is not used with conditional required settings ([#​3660](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3660)) - Replaced `cmd.allow_invalid_for_utf8_external_subcommands` with `cmd.external_subcommand_value_parser` ([#​3733](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3733)) - `Arg::default_missing_value` now applies per occurrence rather than if a value is missing across all occurrences ([#​3998](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3998)) - `arg!(--long [value])` to accept `0..=1` per occurrence rather than across all occurrences, making it safe to use with `ArgAction::Append` ([#​4001](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4001)) - Allow `OsStr`s for `Arg::{required_if_eq,required_if_eq_any,required_if_eq_all}` ([#​4084](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4084)) - *(help)* With `wrap_help` feature, if the terminal size cannot be determined, `LINES` and `COLUMNS` variables are used ([#​4186](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4186)) - *(help)* Use `Command::display_name` in the help title rather than `Command::bin_name` - *(help)* Show when a flag is `ArgAction::Count` by adding an `...` ([#​4003](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4003)) - *(help)* Use a more neutral palette for coloring ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4117](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4117)) - *(help)* Don't rely on ALL CAPS for help headers ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4123](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4123)) - *(help)* List subcommands first, focusing the emphasis on them ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4125](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4125)) - *(help)* Do not include global args in `cmd help help` ([#​4131](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4131)) - *(help)* Use `[positional]` in list when relevant ([#​4144](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4144)) - *(help)* Show all `[positional]` in usage ([#​4151](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4151)) - *(help)* Polish up subcommands by referring to them as commands ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4155](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4155)) - *(help)* Trim extra whitespace to avoid artifacts from different uses of templates ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4156](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4156)) - *(help)* Hint to the user the difference between `-h` / `--help` when applicable ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4159](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4159)) - *(help)* Shorten help by eliding name/version/author ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4160](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4160)) - *(help)* When short help is long enough to activate `next_line_help`, don't add blank lines ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4190](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4190)) - *(help)* Make help output more dense (reducing horizontal whitespace) ([#​4132](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4132), [#​4192](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4192)) - *(help)* Separate subcommand flags with "," like option flags ([#​4232](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4232), [#​4235](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4235)) - *(help)* Quote the suggested help flag ([#​4220](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4220)) - *(version)* Use `Command::display_name` rather than `Command::bin_name` ([#​3966](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3966)) - *(parser)* Always fill in `""` argument for external subcommands ([#​3263](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3263)) - *(parser)* Short flags now have higher precedence than hyphen values with `Arg::allow_hyphen_values`, like `Command::allow_hyphen_values` ([#​4187](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4187)) - *(parser)* Prefer `InvalidSubcommand` over `UnknownArgument` in more cases ([#​4219](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/4219)) - *(derive)* Detect escaped external subcommands that look like built-in subcommands ([#​3703](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3703)) - *(derive)* Leave `Arg::id` as `verbatim` casing ([#​3282](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3282)) - *(derive)* Default to `#[clap(value_parser, action)]` instead of `#[clap(parse)]` ([#​3827](https://togithub.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/3827))

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