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Section 1: Summary of your model
Model Submitter:
Thyagarajulu Gollapalli (0000-0001-9394-4104)
Model Creator(s):
- Thyagarajulu Gollapalli (0000-0001-9394-4104)
Model slug:
gollapalli-2022-sunda-subduction
(this will be the name of the model repository when created)
Model name:
Subduction dynamics and plate coupling along seismically active margin: the role of slab steps
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Model Category:
- model published in study
- forward model
Model Status:
- completed
Short description:
The negative buoyancy of the slab drives subducting plate and trench motions, influencing tectonic stresses at convergent margins. Variations in slab depth along the trench affect plate coupling and seismicity. We investigated these effects using 3-D subduction models, focusing on slab depth variations and their impact on force balance. Results show convergence velocity is primarily controlled by slab mass and subducting plate rheology, while trench movement is sensitive to slab depth heterogeneity. The highest stress occurs around slab steps, aligning with deformation patterns observed along the Sunda margin. This study highlights the crucial role of trench-parallel forces in plate dynamics.
Abstract:
The negative buoyancy of the slab primarily controls the subducting plate and trench motions, and tectonic stresses around the convergent margins. Lateral variations in negative buoyancy associated with varying slab depth along strike must affect plate and margin motions, and, most importantly, have an impact on the stress acting across the margin, thereby setting the context for plate coupling, tectonics and present-day seismicity. Here, we investigated these interactions in 3-D subduction numerical models, focusing on along-trench variations in the subduction depth and the resulting perturbations to the force balance. While we focus on the steps in the slab depth, we additionally test the role of subducting plate, i.e., cohesion and viscosity, and upper plate properties, i.e., thickness, viscosity, and cohesion. The results show that the magnitude of convergence velocity only depends on the integrated slab mass and rheology of the subducting plate when the upper plate is thin. Instead, the trench retreat/advance is sensitive to the heterogeneity in the slab depth, and a complex pattern arises atop the slab step, with a characteristic length of ~500 km from the slab depth perturbation. The remaining parameters of the subducting and upper plate mainly affect the magnitude of the trench velocities with minor influence on the pattern. The highest deformation/stress in the upper plate is observed around the slab step due to the rigidity of the plate, causing mutual perturbation between the deep and shallow slab portions, and the lateral flow around the step. These results are compared with the observations along the Sunda margin, where similar slab depth variations are found. The upper plate deformation in the model shows remarkable compatibility with the observed distributions of compression and extension of the Andaman- Sumatra-Java segments. Our study indicates that trench-parallel forces, arising from the natural variations of slab depth, exert a first-order control on the plate coupling and deformation along convergent margins and should not be neglected.
Funder(s):
- No response
Section 2: your model code, output data
No embargo on model contents requested
Include model code:
True
Model code existing URL/DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7022845
Model code notes:
Underworld2 input files of Sunda Subduction Zone (3D cartesian models).
Include model output data:
True
Model output data notes:
Output data mainly contains .h5 and .xdmf files.
Section 3: software framework and compute details
Software Framework DOI/URL:
Found software: Underworld2: Python Geodynamics Modelling for Desktop, HPC and Cloud
Name of primary software framework:
Underworld2: Python Geodynamics Modelling for Desktop, HPC and Cloud
Section 4: web material (for mate.science)
Landing page image:
Filename: vel_sr_inv_landing_page.png
Caption:
Mantle flow and upper plate deformation due to slab step
Animation:
Filename: side_view_snapshot.png
Caption:
Mantle flow and upper plate deformation due to slab step
Graphic abstract:
Filename: sketch.png
Caption:
Sketch of the tectonic forces acting at the Sunda margin and interface stress along Andaman (DD’), Sumatra (FF’), and Java (MM’). At the Sumatra margin, an additional transferred force ($F^*_{SP}$) from Java is acting that contributes to crustal thickening/compression in the upper plate. The blue stars represent the interplate earthquakes, and black dots are intraplate seismicity. The sketch neglects the curvature of the trench and the obliquity of convergence.
Model setup figure:
Filename: model_matvar_edit_model_setup.png
Caption:
Numerical model setup. The parameter d denotes the depth of the long slab (i.e., 660 km, green plane), and Δ𝑑 represents step length (i.e., the difference between the long and short slab). The long and short slabs extend from 0-2000 and 2000-4000 km in the Y-direction. The trench is located at X = 2000 km.
Description: The model setup consists of the subducting plate with attached slab and upper plate inserted in the 660 km upper mantle lying over 340 km lower mantle. The model extends 4000 km in each x, y, and 1000 km in the z-axis with a numerical resolution of 512×512×128, respectively. This resolution results in an element size of 7.8 km in all three directions. Each element is populated with 20 Lagrangian particles to store material properties. All boundaries in the model are under free slip conditions. All models include a 100 km thick subducting plate and slab. The rheology in the top 30 km (crust) is viscoplastic, and the rest (70 km lithospheric mantle) is viscous. Oceanic lithosphere has a density contrast of 50 $kg/m^3$ with respect to the underlying sublithospheric mantle. The entire slab has a uniform initial dip angle of 45°. The upper plate consists of crust 30 km thick, and its lithospheric mantle thickness is varied between 20 km, 40 km, and 60 km. The trailing end of the subducting plate is free and upper plate end is fixed. The density contrast between the upper plate and mantle is set to zero. This avoids lithostatic pressure gradients, and the stress distribution in the upper plate is only influenced by the dynamics driven by lateral slab buoyancy variations. Therefore, the stress distribution in the upper plate can be used as a proxy for tectonic coupling at the interface.
Errors and Warnings
Associated Publication
Error: unable to obtain metadata for DOI https://doi.org/10.26180/21664034.v1
'message'
Software Framework DOI/URI
doi.org metadata record succesfully extracted in json-ld format
Software Repository
Warning: no repository URL provided.
Software & algorithm keywords
Warning: no keywords given.
Submitter
ORCID metadata record succesfully extracted in json-ld format
Model creators
ORCID metadata record succesfully extracted in json-ld format
Model Repository Slug
Warning: slug should be in the format familyname-year-keyword
Scientific keywords
Warning: No keywords given
Could not parse Embargo date. Check format is
Model creators
Error: no data creators found
Model output DOI
Warning: No DOI/URI provided.
Next steps
- once the
model_reviewersteam has approved the model, we will create a repository for your model
-> submitter ORCID (or name)
0000-0001-9394-4104
-> slug
gollapalli-2022-sunda-subduction
-> license
CC-BY-4.0
-> alternative license URL
No response
-> model category
model published in study, forward model
-> model status
completed
-> associated publication DOI
https://doi.org/10.26180/21664034.v1
-> model creators
0000-0001-9394-4104
-> title
Subduction dynamics and plate coupling along seismically active margin: the role of slab steps
-> description
The negative buoyancy of the slab drives subducting plate and trench motions, influencing tectonic stresses at convergent margins. Variations in slab depth along the trench affect plate coupling and seismicity. We investigated these effects using 3-D subduction models, focusing on slab depth variations and their impact on force balance. Results show convergence velocity is primarily controlled by slab mass and subducting plate rheology, while trench movement is sensitive to slab depth heterogeneity. The highest stress occurs around slab steps, aligning with deformation patterns observed along the Sunda margin. This study highlights the crucial role of trench-parallel forces in plate dynamics.
-> abstract
The negative buoyancy of the slab primarily controls the subducting plate and trench motions, and tectonic stresses around the convergent margins. Lateral variations in negative buoyancy associated with varying slab depth along strike must affect plate and margin motions, and, most importantly, have an impact on the stress acting across the margin, thereby setting the context for plate coupling, tectonics and present-day seismicity. Here, we investigated these interactions in 3-D subduction numerical models, focusing on along-trench variations in the subduction depth and the resulting perturbations to the force balance. While we focus on the steps in the slab depth, we additionally test the role of subducting plate, i.e., cohesion and viscosity, and upper plate properties, i.e., thickness, viscosity, and cohesion. The results show that the magnitude of convergence velocity only depends on the integrated slab mass and rheology of the subducting plate when the upper plate is thin. Instead, the trench retreat/advance is sensitive to the heterogeneity in the slab depth, and a complex pattern arises atop the slab step, with a characteristic length of ~500 km from the slab depth perturbation. The remaining parameters of the subducting and upper plate mainly affect the magnitude of the trench velocities with minor influence on the pattern. The highest deformation/stress in the upper plate is observed around the slab step due to the rigidity of the plate, causing mutual perturbation between the deep and shallow slab portions, and the lateral flow around the step. These results are compared with the observations along the Sunda margin, where similar slab depth variations are found. The upper plate deformation in the model shows remarkable compatibility with the observed distributions of compression and extension of the Andaman- Sumatra-Java segments. Our study indicates that trench-parallel forces, arising from the natural variations of slab depth, exert a first-order control on the plate coupling and deformation along convergent margins and should not be neglected.
-> scientific keywords
No response
-> funder
No response
-> model embargo?
No response
-> include model code ?
-> model code/inputs DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7022845
-> model code/inputs notes
Underworld2 input files of Sunda Subduction Zone (3D cartesian models).
-> include model output data?
-> data creators
No response
-> model output data DOI
No response
-> model output data notes
Output data mainly contains .h5 and .xdmf files.
-> model output data size
3 TB
-> software framework DOI/URI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3975252
-> software framework source repository
No response
-> name of primary software framework (e.g. Underworld, ASPECT, Badlands, OpenFOAM)
No response
-> software framework authors
No response
-> software & algorithm keywords
No response
-> computer URI/DOI
https://dx.doi.org/10.25914/608bfd1838db2
-> add landing page image and caption
Mantle flow and upper plate deformation due to slab step
-> add an animation (if relevant)
Mantle flow and upper plate deformation due to slab step
-> add a graphic abstract figure (if relevant)
Sketch of the tectonic forces acting at the Sunda margin and interface stress along Andaman (DD’), Sumatra (FF’), and Java (MM’). At the Sumatra margin, an additional transferred force ($F^*_{SP}$) from Java is acting that contributes to crustal thickening/compression in the upper plate. The blue stars represent the interplate earthquakes, and black dots are intraplate seismicity. The sketch neglects the curvature of the trench and the obliquity of convergence.
-> add a model setup figure (if relevant)
Numerical model setup. The parameter
ddenotes the depth of the long slab (i.e., 660 km, green plane), andΔ𝑑represents step length (i.e., the difference between the long and short slab). The long and short slabs extend from 0-2000 and 2000-4000 km in the Y-direction. The trench is located at X = 2000 km.-> add a description of your model setup
The model setup consists of the subducting plate with attached slab and upper plate inserted in the 660 km upper mantle lying over 340 km lower mantle. The model extends 4000 km in each x, y, and 1000 km in the z-axis with a numerical resolution of 512×512×128, respectively. This resolution results in an element size of 7.8 km in all three directions. Each element is populated with 20 Lagrangian particles to store material properties. All boundaries in the model are under free slip conditions. All models include a 100 km thick subducting plate and slab. The rheology in the top 30 km (crust) is viscoplastic, and the rest (70 km lithospheric mantle) is viscous. Oceanic lithosphere has a density contrast of 50 $kg/m^3$ with respect to the underlying sublithospheric mantle. The entire slab has a uniform initial dip angle of 45°. The upper plate consists of crust 30 km thick, and its lithospheric mantle thickness is varied between 20 km, 40 km, and 60 km. The trailing end of the subducting plate is free and upper plate end is fixed. The density contrast between the upper plate and mantle is set to zero. This avoids lithostatic pressure gradients, and the stress distribution in the upper plate is only influenced by the dynamics driven by lateral slab buoyancy variations. Therefore, the stress distribution in the upper plate can be used as a proxy for tectonic coupling at the interface.
Please provide any feedback on the model submission process?
No response