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Model Submitter:
Bénédicte Cenki-Tok or Cenki (0000-0001-7649-4498)
Model Creator(s):
Model slug:
cenki-tok-2020-crustal-roots-in-stable-continents
(this will be the name of the model repository when created)
Model name:
Strain and retrogression partitioning explain long-term stability of crustal roots in stable continents
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Model Category:
Model Status:
Associated Publication title:
Short description:
Away from tectonically active regions, the continental crust has an average thickness of 40 ± 1 km. Yet, it shows a remarkable variability from 25 to 65 km, comparable to that of the most tectonically active regions. Here, we consider the problem of the formation and preservation of anomalous deep crustal roots in stable intracontinental regions. Using two- dimensional thermomechanical experiments, we show that the interplay between partial melting, the formation of garnet-pyroxene-bearing rocks, and their strain rate–dependent retrogression result in the preservation of thick and strong crustal roots. We argue that it is the partitioning into narrow regions of strain, retrogression, and weakening coupled into a positive feedback loop that explains why strong high-grade crustal roots remain largely immune to gravitational stresses and are able to persist over hundreds of millions of years.
Abstract:
Away from tectonically active regions, the continental crust has an average thickness of 40 ± 1 km. Yet, it shows a remarkable variability from 25 to 65 km, comparable to that of the most tectonically active regions. Here, we consider the problem of the formation and preservation of anomalous deep crustal roots in stable intracontinental regions. Using two-dimensional thermomechanical experiments, we show that the interplay between partial melting, the formation of garnet-pyroxene-bearing rocks, and their strain rate–dependent retrogression result in the preservation of thick and strong crustal roots. We argue that it is the partitioning into narrow regions of strain, retrogression, and weakening coupled into a positive feedback loop that explains why strong high-grade crustal roots remain largely immune to gravitational stresses and are able to persist over hundreds of millions of years.
Funder(s):
No embargo on model contents requested
Include model code:
True
Model code existing URL/DOI:
https://github.com/underworld-community/cenki-tok-et-al-crustal-roots-in-stable-continents
Include model output data:
True
Software Framework DOI/URL:
Found software: [Underworld 2](Underworld 2 version 2.8.5)
Name of primary software framework:
Underworld 2
Software & algorithm keywords:
Landing page image:
Filename: 459D1B30-8E88-4E84-81CE-3201350F335A.jpg
Caption:
Fast modeling results (1.8 cm.y-1 extension speed) at an average strain rate of 3e-15 s-1 and 25 % extension. Colors are the same as in Fig 2. Model a. Only partial melting is allowed (garnet-pyroxene isograde and retrogression into amphibolite are removed). Model b. Partial melting, crystallization of garnet-pyroxene assemblages and retrogression are allowed. The temperature for the transformation of the continental crust into garnet-pyroxene rich rocks is 777 °C (see text for explanation). The reference temperatures for the solidus of the continental crust and the garnet-pyroxene rich crust are 650 °C and 790 °C, respectively. Model c. Same as model b but the temperature for the continental crust solidus is increased to 720 °C. Model d. Zoom on model b illustrating the velocity field (black arrows) when the boundary condition mimicking extension is removed (after 2 Myr of gravity forces operating) showing that the partially molten crust flows while garnet-pyroxene rich rocks do not.
Animation:
Filename: GeolMov.gif
Caption:
Graphic abstract:
Filename: 459D1B30-8E88-4E84-81CE-3201350F335A.jpg
Caption:
Fast modeling results (1.8 cm.y-1 extension speed) at an average strain rate of 3e-15 s-1 and 25 % extension. Colors are the same as in Fig 2. Model a. Only partial melting is allowed (garnet-pyroxene isograde and retrogression into amphibolite are removed). Model b. Partial melting, crystallization of garnet-pyroxene assemblages and retrogression are allowed. The temperature for the transformation of the continental crust into garnet-pyroxene rich rocks is 777 °C (see text for explanation). The reference temperatures for the solidus of the continental crust and the garnet-pyroxene rich crust are 650 °C and 790 °C, respectively. Model c. Same as model b but the temperature for the continental crust solidus is increased to 720 °C. Model d. Zoom on model b illustrating the velocity field (black arrows) when the boundary condition mimicking extension is removed (after 2 Myr of gravity forces operating) showing that the partially molten crust flows while garnet-pyroxene rich rocks do not.
Model setup figure:
Filename: 5F6DD5CC-DF90-4860-8E76-6AA35305A50B.png
Caption:
Model geometry, initial conditions as well as geotherm, viscosity and density profiles. A weak prismatic region dipping 45° simulates a detachment fault in upper crust. The circles pattern superimposed on the continental crust represents the finite strain ellipses.
Description: Our 2D thermo-mechanical experiments consider a 360 km wide orogenic plateau with a 70 km thick crust (i.e. the thickness of the Tibetan plateau, Nabelek et al., 2009) above 40 km of mantle (Fig.2). A layer of air-like material with low-viscosity and low-density is imposed on top of the crust to accommodate the development of surface topography. The plateau is experiencing extensional deformation as the crust returns to a normal thermo-mechanical state. Extensional velocity boundary conditions are imposed on both vertical walls of the model. We have tested slow (0.18 cm.y-1) and fast (1.8 cm.y-1) velocities, delivering a strain rate averaged over the length of the model of 3e-16 s-1 and 3e-15 s-1 respectively. Horizontal boundaries of the model are free slips. The thermal properties of the material combined with constant basal heat flow and constant top temperature deliver an initial steady-state geotherm leading to a Moho temperature of ca. 900 °C (Fig. 2). We select from the literature plausible visco-plastic parameters (Suppl Data) so the mechanical behavior of the modeled lithosphere depends on temperature, strain rate, deviatoric stress and accumulated strain. Details of modeling procedures, rheological and thermal parameters as well as the input python script are available in GSA Data Repository*.
In order to explore the interplay between partial melting, the formation of stronger garnet-pyroxene bearing rocks and their retrogression into weaker amphibolite facies rocks we parameterize three first-order metamorphic phase transitions. The first phase change simulates partial melting and its feedback on density, viscosity and temperature (Rey et al., 2009, Suppl Data). A second phase change with feedback on density and viscosity occurs at T = 1050 K to simulate prograde amphibolite to garnet-pyroxene rock reaction (Philpotts and Ague, 2009). Finally, a third phase change with feedback on density and viscosity accounts for the retrogression of garnet-pyroxene bearing rocks back into amphibolite facies rocks. This third phase change occurs at T = 1050 K as well and for a strain rate ≥ 10-14 s-1. Our model implicitly assume that water is available. Therefore, retrogression is contingent upon strain rate, which simulates the metastability of dry high-grade rocks during exhumation. This strain rate threshold is in the range of expected strain rates measured in orogenic shear zones (Sassier et al., 2009; Boutonnet et al., 2013; Faregeng and Biggs, 2018). Rock solidus depends on their fertility and availability of fluid. Hence, we have tested different solidus for the continental crust and the garnet-pyroxene-bearing rocks (Suppl Data) in the range commonly accepted for these rock types. For the continental crust we have tested a solidus representative of fertile metapelites with a melting temperature at room pressure of 923 K (Fig. 3a, b; White et al., 2001), and a solidus representative of less fertile rocks with a melting temperature at room pressure of 993 K (Fig. 3c; Rey and Müller, 2010). For the dry garnet-pyroxene-bearing crust, we use a melting temperature at room pressure of 1063 K representative of refractory granulites (Cenki-Tok et al., 2016). We use Underworld, a well-tested open source finite element code, to solve the equations of conservation of momentum, mass and energy for an incompressible fluid on a Cartesian Eulerian mesh (Moresi et al., 2007; Beucher et al., 2019).
Associated Publication Error fetching metadata with application/ld+json from https://api.crossref.org/works/https://doi.org/10.1130/G47301.1: 406 Client Error: Not Acceptable for url: https://api.crossref.org/works/https://doi.org/10.1130/G47301.1 Software Framework DOI/URI Error fetching metadata with application/ld+json from https://doi.org/No valid DOI found in the input string.: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://www.doi.org/No%20valid%20DOI%20found%20in%20the%20input%20string. Error fetching metadata with application/json from https://doi.org/No valid DOI found in the input string.: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://www.doi.org/No%20valid%20DOI%20found%20in%20the%20input%20string. Failed to fetch metadata with any content type or URL. Error: unable to parse software metadata. Software Repository Warning: no repository URL provided. Software framework authors Error: no authors found Submitter ORCID metadata record succesfully extracted in json-ld format
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Model code/inputs notes
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Model creators
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Animation
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model_reviewers
team has approved the model, we will create a repository for your model
-> submitter ORCID (or name)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7649-4498
-> slug
cenki-tok-2020-crustal-roots-in-stable-continents
-> license
CC-BY-4.0
-> alternative license URL
No response
-> model category
model published in study
-> model status
completed
-> associated publication DOI
https://doi.org/10.1130/G47301.1
-> model creators
No response
-> title
No response
-> description
Away from tectonically active regions, the continental crust has an average thickness of 40 ± 1 km. Yet, it shows a remarkable variability from 25 to 65 km, comparable to that of the most tectonically active regions. Here, we consider the problem of the formation and preservation of anomalous deep crustal roots in stable intracontinental regions. Using two- dimensional thermomechanical experiments, we show that the interplay between partial melting, the formation of garnet-pyroxene-bearing rocks, and their strain rate–dependent retrogression result in the preservation of thick and strong crustal roots. We argue that it is the partitioning into narrow regions of strain, retrogression, and weakening coupled into a positive feedback loop that explains why strong high-grade crustal roots remain largely immune to gravitational stresses and are able to persist over hundreds of millions of years.
-> abstract
No response
-> scientific keywords
No response
-> funder
European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 793978
-> model embargo?
No response
-> include model code ?
-> model code/inputs DOI
https://github.com/underworld-community/cenki-tok-et-al-crustal-roots-in-stable-continents
-> model code/inputs notes
No response
-> include model output data?
-> data creators
No response
-> model output data DOI
No response
-> model output data notes
No response
-> model output data size
No response
-> software framework DOI/URI
Underworld 2 version 2.8.5
-> software framework source repository
No response
-> name of primary software framework (e.g. Underworld, ASPECT, Badlands, OpenFOAM)
Underworld 2
-> software framework authors
No response
-> software & algorithm keywords
Python, Finite Element
-> computer URI/DOI
No response
-> add landing page image and caption
Fast modeling results (1.8 cm.y-1 extension speed) at an average strain rate of 3e-15 s-1 and 25 % extension. Colors are the same as in Fig 2. Model a. Only partial melting is allowed (garnet-pyroxene isograde and retrogression into amphibolite are removed). Model b. Partial melting, crystallization of garnet-pyroxene assemblages and retrogression are allowed. The temperature for the transformation of the continental crust into garnet-pyroxene rich rocks is 777 °C (see text for explanation). The reference temperatures for the solidus of the continental crust and the garnet-pyroxene rich crust are 650 °C and 790 °C, respectively. Model c. Same as model b but the temperature for the continental crust solidus is increased to 720 °C. Model d. Zoom on model b illustrating the velocity field (black arrows) when the boundary condition mimicking extension is removed (after 2 Myr of gravity forces operating) showing that the partially molten crust flows while garnet-pyroxene rich rocks do not.
-> add an animation (if relevant)
-> add a graphic abstract figure (if relevant)
Fast modeling results (1.8 cm.y-1 extension speed) at an average strain rate of 3e-15 s-1 and 25 % extension. Colors are the same as in Fig 2. Model a. Only partial melting is allowed (garnet-pyroxene isograde and retrogression into amphibolite are removed). Model b. Partial melting, crystallization of garnet-pyroxene assemblages and retrogression are allowed. The temperature for the transformation of the continental crust into garnet-pyroxene rich rocks is 777 °C (see text for explanation). The reference temperatures for the solidus of the continental crust and the garnet-pyroxene rich crust are 650 °C and 790 °C, respectively. Model c. Same as model b but the temperature for the continental crust solidus is increased to 720 °C. Model d. Zoom on model b illustrating the velocity field (black arrows) when the boundary condition mimicking extension is removed (after 2 Myr of gravity forces operating) showing that the partially molten crust flows while garnet-pyroxene rich rocks do not.
-> add a model setup figure (if relevant)
Model geometry, initial conditions as well as geotherm, viscosity and density profiles. A weak prismatic region dipping 45° simulates a detachment fault in upper crust. The circles pattern superimposed on the continental crust represents the finite strain ellipses.
-> add a description of your model setup
Our 2D thermo-mechanical experiments consider a 360 km wide orogenic plateau with a 70 km thick crust (i.e. the thickness of the Tibetan plateau, Nabelek et al., 2009) above 40 km of mantle (Fig.2). A layer of air-like material with low-viscosity and low-density is imposed on top of the crust to accommodate the development of surface topography. The plateau is experiencing extensional deformation as the crust returns to a normal thermo-mechanical state. Extensional velocity boundary conditions are imposed on both vertical walls of the model. We have tested slow (0.18 cm.y-1) and fast (1.8 cm.y-1) velocities, delivering a strain rate averaged over the length of the model of 3e-16 s-1 and 3e-15 s-1 respectively. Horizontal boundaries of the model are free slips. The thermal properties of the material combined with constant basal heat flow and constant top temperature deliver an initial steady-state geotherm leading to a Moho temperature of ca. 900 °C (Fig. 2). We select from the literature plausible visco-plastic parameters (Suppl Data) so the mechanical behavior of the modeled lithosphere depends on temperature, strain rate, deviatoric stress and accumulated strain. Details of modeling procedures, rheological and thermal parameters as well as the input python script are available in GSA Data Repository*. In order to explore the interplay between partial melting, the formation of stronger garnet-pyroxene bearing rocks and their retrogression into weaker amphibolite facies rocks we parameterize three first-order metamorphic phase transitions. The first phase change simulates partial melting and its feedback on density, viscosity and temperature (Rey et al., 2009, Suppl Data). A second phase change with feedback on density and viscosity occurs at T = 1050 K to simulate prograde amphibolite to garnet-pyroxene rock reaction (Philpotts and Ague, 2009). Finally, a third phase change with feedback on density and viscosity accounts for the retrogression of garnet-pyroxene bearing rocks back into amphibolite facies rocks. This third phase change occurs at T = 1050 K as well and for a strain rate ≥ 10-14 s-1. Our model implicitly assume that water is available. Therefore, retrogression is contingent upon strain rate, which simulates the metastability of dry high-grade rocks during exhumation. This strain rate threshold is in the range of expected strain rates measured in orogenic shear zones (Sassier et al., 2009; Boutonnet et al., 2013; Faregeng and Biggs, 2018). Rock solidus depends on their fertility and availability of fluid. Hence, we have tested different solidus for the continental crust and the garnet-pyroxene-bearing rocks (Suppl Data) in the range commonly accepted for these rock types. For the continental crust we have tested a solidus representative of fertile metapelites with a melting temperature at room pressure of 923 K (Fig. 3a, b; White et al., 2001), and a solidus representative of less fertile rocks with a melting temperature at room pressure of 993 K (Fig. 3c; Rey and Müller, 2010). For the dry garnet-pyroxene-bearing crust, we use a melting temperature at room pressure of 1063 K representative of refractory granulites (Cenki-Tok et al., 2016). We use Underworld, a well-tested open source finite element code, to solve the equations of conservation of momentum, mass and energy for an incompressible fluid on a Cartesian Eulerian mesh (Moresi et al., 2007; Beucher et al., 2019).
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