Lazy, async instantiation and fetching (tracking)

A description of the solution space from an instantiation angle, having commonalities with eval-time fetching.

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.

Instantiation should be quick.
Instantiation process forms a DAG, which allows parallel processing.
Instantiation isn't I/O but O; fundamentally only output, so most processing can happen asynchronously after being initiated from the evaluator; only IFD and the evaluator's callers may need to await.
Fetching of sources has significant latent parallelism.

Ideally the I/O is non-blocking, so as not to need unnecessary thread blocking / switching / syncing, but I don't think this should be the focus yet. My use of "asynchronous" here mostly describes the computational nature of the domain; not necessarily its I/O control flow implementation.

Describe the solution you'd like

[ ] Virtual file system overlaid onto the store, to implement write-back caching
- writes immediately visible in the overlaid store FSO accessor
- the underlying store receives the data asynchronously
- has sync method to wait until a certain closure is written
- [ ] ideally prioritizes it
[ ] A thunk type that refers to a hash that hasn't been computed yet
[ ] A thunk type that evaluates to a string concatenation
- [ ] optimize certain string operations to avoid performing the concatenation
- [ ] make derivationStrict return output path thunks of the form ConcatStrings(storeDir, "/", LazyHash(...), "-", name)
[ ] Parallelism for strict data arguments, see GHC sparks
- maybe this can also serve as the queue for all the hashing work
[ ] #10252
[ ] #10689

Describe alternatives you've considered

Additional context

The proposed items solve the non-determinism problems in #6530
10938

Priorities

Add :+1: to issues you find important.

NixOS / nix

Lazy, async instantiation and fetching (tracking) #11161

10938