Added a pre-commit configuration to enable automatic linting with ruff

[swryan]

Summary

Added a pre-commit configuration to enable automatic linting with ruff.

• pre-commit has been added as a [test] dependency.
• a pre-commit configuration file has been added to run the ruff linter
• developers can enable automatic ruff linting when making a commit by issuing the pre-commit install command in their development environment
  • after doing the install step, pre-commit will automatically run a ruff check on git commit
  • the pre-commit hook can also be run manually on changed files via pre-commit run
  • the pre-commit hook can also be run manually on all files via pre-commit run --all
  • see documentation at https://pre-commit.com/
• the ruff version is necessarily fixed and should be updated periodically via pre-commit autoupdate
  • a ruff check has been added to the GitHub tests workflow that will install and run the latest version of ruff
  • if an issue is flagged on GitHub that was not flagged on commit, then the autoupdate command should be used

Also:

• a ruff check has been performed and changes made to allow the check to pass:
  • #noqa flags added when deemed appropriate
  • f flags removed from strings that didn't need to be f-strings
  • removed some unused imports and variables
  • removed extraneous semi-colons in notebooks
  • some docs imported a class that overrode what was defined on the page, the import was removed (ensuring the displayed definition is used)
  • added a missing import
  • changed some lambdas that were assigned to a variable to be defined functions
  • added Exception to some naked excepts
  • renamed some test functions that were obscuring other test functions
  • changed some ambiguous variable names (e.g. 'l' to 'el')
  • removed duplicate test
  • commented some unused assignments that might have documentation value (rather than deleting them)
  • added missing assert_partials to test

Related Issues

• Resolves #

Backwards incompatibilities

None

New Dependencies

None

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[coveralls]

coverage: 93.852% (-0.1%) from 93.981% when pulling 66d2827b0a6ca49136cd1a98c24ca9104b2f9628 on swryan:ruff into e90f58799fcfb94f9fc29ada066c044c78c6205a on OpenMDAO:master.