Open Science history bits and open culture

[katjamatic]

Hi!

Here are some things that could be included for the first part - super short intro to the historical dimension of OS. (next a paragraph on open cultures)

---snip--- 1) History

The commitment to opening Science to make it more transparent and accessible is nothing new. For some historians of science openness marks the beginning of science itself: with the printing press, the rise of publication markets and empirical methods in the early modern period came both the professionalization of scientists and the institutionalization of the Academies (David 2008).

Today's Open Science movement dates about 30-40 years back to the 1970s and takes inspiration both from the history of "open source" [Kelty 2008] and the ideas developed for research collaboration in the context of "e-science" [Wouters and Beaulieu 2006]. At a first glance these approaches refer mainly to the technological dimension of opening up science by creating necessary tools and infrastructures.

Opening up science often takes the form of a technological liberation and change of techniques in respective discourses. However, keeping in mind that science and technology "are politics by other means" [Latour 1987] - offering other means of power - it is vital to turn to the embedded politics of Open Science and its precursors. ---snip---

Bibliography: David, Paul A., The Historical Origins of 'Open Science': An Essay on Patronage, Reputation and Common Agency Contracting in the Scientific Revolution (January 30, 2013). Capitalism and Society, Vol. 3, Issue 2, Article 5, 2008. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2209188 Kelty, C. M. (2008). Two bits: The cultural significance of free software. Duke University Press. Latour, B. (1987). The pasteurization of French society, with irreductions. Wouters, P., & Beaulieu, A. (2006). Imagining e-science beyond computation. In New infrastructures for knowledge production: Understanding e-science (pp. 48-70). IGI Global.

[Protohedgehog]

This is excellent, thanks so much, @katjamatic! I'll begin editing it in here to the existing history section to make sure that we have covered all of this.

[katjamatic]

Great, thanks. Will add stuff on Open Cultures soonish! here is the image that i use normally.

[Protohedgehog]

Fab, thank you @katjamatic! I love this image so much too. Can we re-use it and attribute you? Not sure what license this is under :)

[katjamatic]

sure, cc by

[Protohedgehog]

Awesome, thanks @katjamatic! Have now added the above content here. You can also directly edit that file if you find it easier too :)

[katjamatic]

Ah Cool. So i will add one more paragrpah on culture with the pic soon. Thanks. Greetz from Madrid

Am Do., 13. Dez. 2018, 10:38 hat Jon Tennant notifications@github.com geschrieben:

Awesome, thanks @katjamatic https://github.com/katjamatic! Have now added the above content here https://github.com/OpenScienceMOOC/Module-1-Open-Principles/blob/master/content_development/MAIN.md#cultures. You can also directly edit that file if you find it easier too :)

— You are receiving this because you were mentioned. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub https://github.com/OpenScienceMOOC/Module-1-Open-Principles/issues/13#issuecomment-446903381, or mute the thread https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/ArdwT6P9qBw2GYRT33wnUjFj5vIgHg6fks5u4iAjgaJpZM4ZNoXc .

[johav]

Beautiful and important additions - thanks! What about we convene strategic calls/meetings on what we aspects of the growing MOOC we can also package as articles (OA, Open Peer Reviewed) to raise awareness, push visibility and be more inclusive for those who don't use or follow up on Github? Maybe the MOOC should have it's own OA journal :P

[Protohedgehog]

Nice idea! So one thing I already have done is created a Zenodo community for archiving all MOOC content here: https://zenodo.org/communities/open-science-mooc/

For each release of each module, we push it to Zenodo and it gets a versioned DOI and indexed for re-use. Each 'Main' document is also available as a PDF/HTML/Jupyter notebook format, and I can convert them to over things like epub too if needed.

Is this the sort of thing you meant @johav? :)

[Protohedgehog]

@katjamatic did you have a chance to add in this final paragraph yet? No worries if not!

[katjamatic]

oups, sorry, I guess it would be better to move the pic a bit further below under "....However, the origins can probably go back even further to the very birth of scholarly practices. Much of what we know about our world and universe has foundations in fundamental openness, from evolution and the origin of species, through to gravity and the origins of stars.", and then add it to the following paragraph, which I cannot add directly at the moment since i am on my mobile...

Am Do., 10. Jan. 2019 um 14:59 Uhr schrieb Jon Tennant < notifications@github.com>:

@katjamatic https://github.com/katjamatic did you have a chance to add in this final paragraph yet? No worries if not!

— You are receiving this because you were mentioned. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub https://github.com/OpenScienceMOOC/Module-1-Open-Principles/issues/13#issuecomment-453104715, or mute the thread https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/ArdwT5Nkx9V01iudWhAhk98_YSZlssJ_ks5vB0cjgaJpZM4ZNoXc .

[Protohedgehog]

Pic moved, thanks @katjamatic! And no rush at all :)

[katjamatic]

The technical foundations for Open Science were growing out of the international e-science, e-research, or development of distributed learning and knowledge production scene (REF). Historically this started with the development of time sharing and distributed computing (REF). The free and open software movement is also closely related to developments of Open Science (REF). On the other hand the concept of "knowledge commons" - collectively created and owned knowledge managed by a community - is traced back by Hess and Ostrom (REF) both to the idea of the "Intangible commons of the mind" (REF), which opposes increasing privatization of knowledge, and to the idea of shared spaces for free speech and democratic collective action (REF).

---- already now could come the text about Robert Merton -------- which could be contrasted with Ziman (2000)'s critique of "post-academic" science. -----

Ziman (2000) constates a shift away from Merton's norms. Due to increased economic interests, optimization of industrial research procedures, overbureaucratization, we nowadays find an ethos that is more linked to the following aspects:

Post-Academic Science: Ziman 2000 •P proprietarian ( IP, business opportunity) •L local: related to local network of stakeholders •A authoritarian: hierarchical control •C commissioned (researcher is ’consultant’) •E expert: role is problem-solver

Ziman states that “science is becoming a too large and expensive enterprise. Governments are putting strict financial ceilings on their patronage and are trying to get better value for their money”. In this context, researchers are required to be more accountable, responsive to societal need and concerned with the impact of their product in economic and social terms." (REF)

-------Then continue with just briefly saying something like this:----- However, the communal aspect of knowledge production in science and research has been inspired by many other open cultures of collaboration and sharing, such as open government data, and cultural heritage just to name a few. Open Cultures have developed in the last decades often in parallel but also overlapping. Open Science is thus embedded firmly in a manifold open movement....

Am Fr., 11. Jan. 2019 um 15:50 Uhr schrieb Katja Mayer katjamat@gmail.com:

oups, sorry, I guess it would be better to move the pic a bit further below under "....However, the origins can probably go back even further to the very birth of scholarly practices. Much of what we know about our world and universe has foundations in fundamental openness, from evolution and the origin of species, through to gravity and the origins of stars.", and then add it to the following paragraph, which I cannot add directly at the moment since i am on my mobile...

Am Do., 10. Jan. 2019 um 14:59 Uhr schrieb Jon Tennant < notifications@github.com>:

@katjamatic https://github.com/katjamatic did you have a chance to add in this final paragraph yet? No worries if not!

— You are receiving this because you were mentioned. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub https://github.com/OpenScienceMOOC/Module-1-Open-Principles/issues/13#issuecomment-453104715, or mute the thread https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/ArdwT5Nkx9V01iudWhAhk98_YSZlssJ_ks5vB0cjgaJpZM4ZNoXc .

[katjamatic]

let me know what you think! will look up the refs when on a comp again. best k (and sorry for all those delays and not working directly in the text)

Am Fr., 11. Jan. 2019 um 16:15 Uhr schrieb Katja Mayer katjamat@gmail.com:

The technical foundations for Open Science were growing out of the international e-science, e-research, or development of distributed learning and knowledge production scene (REF). Historically this started with the development of time sharing and distributed computing (REF). The free and open software movement is also closely related to developments of Open Science (REF). On the other hand the concept of "knowledge commons" - collectively created and owned knowledge managed by a community - is traced back by Hess and Ostrom (REF) both to the idea of the "Intangible commons of the mind" (REF), which opposes increasing privatization of knowledge, and to the idea of shared spaces for free speech and democratic collective action (REF).

---- already now could come the text about Robert Merton -------- which could be contrasted with Ziman (2000)'s critique of "post-academic" science. -----

Ziman (2000) constates a shift away from Merton's norms. Due to increased economic interests, optimization of industrial research procedures, overbureaucratization, we nowadays find an ethos that is more linked to the following aspects:

Post-Academic Science: Ziman 2000 •P proprietarian ( IP, business opportunity) •L local: related to local network of stakeholders •A authoritarian: hierarchical control •C commissioned (researcher is ’consultant’) •E expert: role is problem-solver

Ziman states that “science is becoming a too large and expensive enterprise. Governments are putting strict financial ceilings on their patronage and are trying to get better value for their money”. In this context, researchers are required to be more accountable, responsive to societal need and concerned with the impact of their product in economic and social terms." (REF)

-------Then continue with just briefly saying something like this:----- However, the communal aspect of knowledge production in science and research has been inspired by many other open cultures of collaboration and sharing, such as open government data, and cultural heritage just to name a few. Open Cultures have developed in the last decades often in parallel but also overlapping. Open Science is thus embedded firmly in a manifold open movement....

Am Fr., 11. Jan. 2019 um 15:50 Uhr schrieb Katja Mayer <katjamat@gmail.com

:

oups, sorry, I guess it would be better to move the pic a bit further below under "....However, the origins can probably go back even further to the very birth of scholarly practices. Much of what we know about our world and universe has foundations in fundamental openness, from evolution and the origin of species, through to gravity and the origins of stars.", and then add it to the following paragraph, which I cannot add directly at the moment since i am on my mobile...

Am Do., 10. Jan. 2019 um 14:59 Uhr schrieb Jon Tennant < notifications@github.com>:

@katjamatic https://github.com/katjamatic did you have a chance to add in this final paragraph yet? No worries if not!

— You are receiving this because you were mentioned. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub https://github.com/OpenScienceMOOC/Module-1-Open-Principles/issues/13#issuecomment-453104715, or mute the thread https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/ArdwT5Nkx9V01iudWhAhk98_YSZlssJ_ks5vB0cjgaJpZM4ZNoXc .

[Protohedgehog]

Looks great, @katjamatic, thanks! Fills in a nice spot. No worries about the delays at all. If you can edit the text directly, that would be great, as it would ensure appropriate automatic credit for you. If not, I can wait for the refs and then edit this in after.

[Protohedgehog]

Hi @katjamatic, just bumping this again to keep on your radar in case it fell off :)

[katjamatic]

I think i entered the things some time ago directly in the text. Hope it worked. Best k

Am Di., 22. Jän. 2019, 17:53 hat Jon Tennant notifications@github.com geschrieben:

Hi @katjamatic https://github.com/katjamatic, just bumping this again to keep on your radar in case it fell off :)

— You are receiving this because you were mentioned. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub https://github.com/OpenScienceMOOC/Module-1-Open-Principles/issues/13#issuecomment-456474582, or mute the thread https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/ArdwT0NBWLER72PPrKX9B-mnU_NxjN-5ks5vF0IDgaJpZM4ZNoXc .

[Protohedgehog]

I think this section is looking okay, @katjamatic - thanks for your help with this, super appreciated!

Can close this now :)