[DESIGN] - Air Thermoregulation & Circulation

[JLefebvre55]

Completion is tracked in the linked PR.

Design Scope

Design a thermoelectric (Peltier) air heating/cooling and circulation mechanism (heat sinks + fans + tiles + driver + control system).

Purpose

The purpose of the air thermoregulation system is to maintain a desired leaf-zone air temperature, and to circulate air for homogeneity (humidity, temperature, gasses) and pollination.

Function

Inputs:

• Power to driver
• Thermoregulation signals (heat pump direction +/- and % power)
• Circulation control signal (% fan speed)

Outputs:

• Heat (either into or out from system)

It interfaces with/depends on the following systems:

• Power systems
• Automation

System operation assumes:

• Power is delivered

Method

Process:

1. Air is circulated throughout the environment for temperature homogeneity
2. Temperature is measured, sent to automation
3. Automation controls heat pump speed and direction, circulation fan speed

Features

Each feature should be added to relevant BoMs and CADs where applicable. Design decisions should be well-supported using relevant research and calculations, and should be documented in the Solution Overview. If a feature is complex enough, create a new issue for it using this template, and tag it here.

• Circulation Fans
• Temperature Sensors
• Heat Pump
  • Peltier Devices: Solid-state thermoelectric tiles pump heat from one face to the other (proportionate to current).
  • Heat Sinks: Aluminum blocks with fins to hold and exchange heat between the air and Peltier devices (both sides). Mating face coated with thermal compound.
  • Heat Sink Fans: For waste heat dissipation to external environment.

• 120

• Control System: PID control loop

Requirements and Validation

What does this design need to accomplish? How do we know it has accomplished this?

List any applicable metrics with criteria/constraints, applicable to purpose, function, method, and each feature, as well as how to test them.

1. Power output > heat loss of system at temperature extremes (see Solution Overview for numbers)
2. Heat input minus heat loss of system -> heating from one temperature extreme to the other in 60sec

Verification

Each test should be performed and documented, and the testing documentation attached to the PR. The testing suite should address the full scope of the function (i.e. ensure inputs are met and outputs work), method (all steps execute correctly), and features (each feature performs as expected) with respect to the purpose and requirements.

How does this design achieve its method effectively, safely, and reliably? How do we test this?

Specific testing procedure:

1. Heat pump direction and magnitude respond to control signal as expected
2. Fans operate as expected
3. Heat pump power exceeds maximum heat loss (temperature extremes)
4. Heat pump power exceeds that required to reach temperature extremes in under sixty (60) seconds given the system's heat capacity

Additional context

Add any other context about the design scope or additional deliverables here.

Add any electrical power lines and/or signals to wiring diagram

[JLefebvre55]

Background

• "To find the average heat loss per unit area, simply divide the temperature difference by the R-value for the layer." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-value_(insulation)#Calculating_heat_loss
• Peltier driver resource: https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slua979a/slua979a.pdf "It is more accurate to use constant current [to drive a Peltier tile] than voltage drive as its impedance varies with temperature"
• Peltier tile intro and selection: https://www.cuidevices.com/blog/how-to-select-a-peltier-module
• Peltier systems design: https://www.cuidevices.com/blog/how-to-design-a-peltier-module-system
• "Thermal impedance ... represents how much the [system] temperature will rise above the [surrounding] temperature ... for every Watt of power dissipated within the [system]." https://www.cuidevices.com/blog/how-to-select-a-heat-sink

ToDo

• [x] Determine max/min desired environment air temperature, and typical ambient temperatures 10C-35C internal, 22C external
• [x] Determine max heat loss/gain of system from ambient at internal extremes -62.42W, 57.61W
• [x] Determine power needed to reach extremes from ambient in 120sec -64.13W, 59.19W
• [x] Select Peltier Modules - CP854345H (70W)
• [x] Determine thermal resistance <= 0.329 C/W
• [ ] Select Heat Sinks
• [ ] Select Circulation and Heat Sink Fans
• [ ] #120
• [ ] Temperature Sensor and Control System
  • [x] Select Temperature Sensor SHT31-D Breakout by Adafruit
  • [ ] PID Loop

Notes on Motor Driver (TI DRV8432)

Two H-bridges, PWM-dimmable, Vsource up to 52V, output current up to 14A constant (when running both amplifiers+bridges in "parallel mode")

Integrated Undervoltage, Overtemperature, Overload, and Short Circuit protection

Reference design

[JLefebvre55]

Transferred from UofT Agritech