Times PRIOR to 1962 are UT1, a mean-solar time closely related to the
prior but now-deprecated GMT. Times AFTER 1962 are in UTC, the current
civil or "wall-clock" time-scale. UTC is kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1
using integer leap-seconds for 1972 and later years.
Conversion from the internal Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) of solar
system dynamics to the non-uniform civil UT time-scale requested for output
has not been determined for UTC times after the next July or January 1st.
Therefore, the last known leap-second is used as a constant over future
intervals.
Time tags refer to the UT time-scale conversion from TDB on Earth
regardless of observer location within the solar system, although clock
rates may differ due to the local gravity field and no analog to "UT"
may be defined for that location.
Any 'b' symbol in the 1st-column denotes a B.C. date. First-column blank
(" ") denotes an A.D. date. Calendar dates prior to 1582-Oct-15 are in the
Julian calendar system. Later calendar dates are in the Gregorian system.
NOTE: "n.a." in output means quantity "not available" at the print-time.
'R.A.(ICRF)DEC' =
Astrometric right ascension and declination of the target center with
respect to the observing site (coordinate origin) in the reference frame of
the planetary ephemeris (ICRF). Compensated for down-leg light-time delay
aberration.
Units: RA in hours-minutes-seconds of time, HH MM SS.ff{ffff}
DEC in degrees-minutes-seconds of arc, sDD MN SC.f{ffff}
'APmag S-brt' =
The asteroids' approximate apparent airless visual magnitude and surface
brightness using the standard IAU H-G system magnitude model:
For solar phase angles >90 deg, the error could exceed 1 magnitude. For
phase angles >120 degrees, output values are rounded to the nearest integer to
indicate error could be large and unknown. For Earth-based observers, the
estimated dimming due to atmospheric absorption (extinction) is available as
a separate, requestable quantity.
Surface brightness is the average airless visual magnitude of a
square-arcsecond of the illuminated portion of the apparent disk. It is
computed only if the target radius is known.
Units: MAGNITUDES & MAGNITUDES PER SQUARE ARCSECOND
'delta deldot' =
Apparent range ("delta", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("delta-dot")
of the target center relative to the observer. A positive "deldot" means the
target center is moving away from the observer, negative indicates movement
toward the observer. Units: AU and KM/S
'S-O-T /r' =
Sun-Observer-Target apparent SOLAR ELONGATION ANGLE seen from the observers'
location at print-time.
The '/r' column provides a code indicating the targets' apparent position
relative to the Sun in the observers' sky, as described below:
Case A: For an observing location on the surface of a rotating body, that
body rotational sense is considered:
/T indicates target TRAILS Sun (evening sky: rises and sets AFTER Sun)
/L indicates target LEADS Sun (morning sky: rises and sets BEFORE Sun)
Case B: For an observing point that does not have a rotational model (such
as a spacecraft), the "leading" and "trailing" condition is defined by the
observers' heliocentric ORBITAL motion:
* If continuing in the observers' current direction of heliocentric
motion would encounter the targets' apparent longitude first, followed
by the Sun's, the target LEADS the Sun as seen by the observer.
* If the Sun's apparent longitude would be encountered first, followed
by the targets', the target TRAILS the Sun.
Two other codes can be output:
/* indicates observer is Sun-centered (undefined)
/? Target is aligned with Sun center (no lead or trail)
The S-O-T solar elongation angle is numerically the minimum separation
angle of the Sun and target in the sky in any direction. It does NOT indicate
the amount of separation in the leading or trailing directions, which would
be defined along the equator of a spherical coordinate system.
Units: DEGREES
'S-T-O' =
The Sun-Target-Observer angle; the interior vertex angle at target center
formed by a vector from the target to the apparent center of the Sun (at
reflection time on the target) and the apparent vector from target to the
observer at print-time. Slightly different from true PHASE ANGLE (requestable
separately) at the few arcsecond level in that it includes stellar aberration
on the down-leg from target to observer. Units: DEGREES
'Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG' =
Total apparent angular rate of the target in the plane-of-sky. "Sky_mot_PA"
is the position angle of the target's direction of motion in the plane-of-sky,
measured counter-clockwise from the apparent of-date north pole direction.
"RelVel-ANG" is the flight path angle of the target's relative motion with
respect to the observer's line-of-sight, in the range [-90,+90], where positive
values indicate motion away from the observer, negative values are toward the
observer:
-90 = target is moving directly toward the observer
0 = target is moving at right angles to the observer's line-of-sight
+90 = target is moving directly away from the observer
UNITS: ARCSECONDS/MINUTE, DEGREES, DEGREES
'Lun_Sky_Brt sky_SNR' =
Sky brightness due to moonlight scattered by Earth's atmosphere at the
target's position in the sky. "sky_SNR" is the visual signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) of the target's surface brightness relative to background sky. Output
only for topocentric Earth observers when both the Moon and target are above
the local horizon and the Sun is in astronomical twilight (or further) below
the horizon, and the target is not the Moon or Sun. If all conditions are
not met, "n.a." is output. Galactic brightness, local sky light-pollution
and weather are NOT considered. Lunar opposition surge is considered. The
value returned is accurate under ideal conditions at the approximately 8-23%
level, so is a useful but not definitive value.
If the target-body radius is also known, "sky_SNR" is output. This is the
approximate visual signal-to-noise ratio of the target's brightness divided
by lunar sky brightness. When sky_SNR < 1, the target is dimmer than the
ideal moonlight-scattering background sky, so unlikely to be detectable at
visual wavelengths. In practice, visibility requires sky_SNR > 1 and a
detector sensitive enough to reach the target's magnitude, even if it isn't
washed out by moonlight. When relating magnitudes and brightness values,
keep in mind their logarithmic relationship m2-m1 = -2.5*log_10(b2/b1).
UNITS: VISUAL MAGNITUDES / ARCSECOND^2, and unitless ratio
Computations by ...
Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System
4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
General site: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/
Mailing list: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/email_list.html
System news : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/news.html
User Guide : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/manual.html
Connect : browser https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html#/x
API https://ssd-api.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/horizons.html
command-line telnet ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 6775
e-mail/batch https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/hrzn_batch.txt
scripts https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/SCRIPTS
Author : Jon.D.Giorgini@jpl.nasa.gov
RM7rb
commented
2 years ago
JPL/HORIZONS 14482 (1994 PK15) 2022-Jan-09 02:33:02 Rec #: 14482 (+COV) Soln.date: 2021-Aug-25_13:49:45 # obs: 2182 (1987-2021)
IAU76/J2000 helio. ecliptic osc. elements (au, days, deg., period=Julian yrs):
EPOCH= 2457170.5 ! 2015-May-28.00 (TDB) Residual RMS= .27009 EC= .1354077955542911 QR= 1.995819225323459 TP= 2456975.9043532526 OM= 294.4043745098725 W= 303.8402407207253 IN= 3.264823402829161 A= 2.308393731820635 MA= 54.68552236208965 ADIST= 2.620968238317811 PER= 3.5073 N= .281021296 ANGMOM= .025895123 DAN= 2.10718 DDN= 2.45088 L= 238.2876864 B= -2.7112856 MOID= .985888 TP= 2014-Nov-14.4043532526
Asteroid physical parameters (km, seconds, rotational period in hours): GM= n.a. RAD= 3.6205 ROTPER= n.a. H= 14.62 G= .150 B-V= n.a. ALBEDO= .064 STYP= n.a.
ASTEROID comments: 1: soln ref.= JPL#41, OCC=0 2: source=ORB
Ephemeris / WWW_USER Sun Jan 9 02:33:02 2022 Pasadena, USA / Horizons
Target body name: 14482 (1994 PK15) {source: JPL#41} Center body name: Earth (399) {source: DE441} Center-site name: GEOCENTRIC
Start time : A.D. 2022-Jan-09 00:00:00.0000 UT
Stop time : A.D. 2022-Feb-08 00:00:00.0000 UT
Step-size : 1440 minutes
Target pole/equ : No model available Target radii : 3.6 km
Center geodetic : 0.00000000,0.00000000,0.0000000 {E-lon(deg),Lat(deg),Alt(km)} Center cylindric: 0.00000000,0.00000000,0.0000000 {E-lon(deg),Dxy(km),Dz(km)} Center pole/equ : ITRF93 {East-longitude positive} Center radii : 6378.1 x 6378.1 x 6356.8 km {Equator, meridian, pole}
Target primary : Sun Vis. interferer : MOON (R_eq= 1737.400) km {source: DE441} Rel. light bend : Sun, EARTH {source: DE441} Rel. lght bnd GM: 1.3271E+11, 3.9860E+05 km^3/s^2
Small-body perts: Yes {source: SB441-N16} Atmos refraction: NO (AIRLESS) RA format : HMS Time format : CAL EOP file : eop.220106.p220401
EOP coverage : DATA-BASED 1962-JAN-20 TO 2022-JAN-06. PREDICTS-> 2022-MAR-31 Units conversion: 1 au= 149597870.700 km, c= 299792.458 km/s, 1 day= 86400.0 s Table cut-offs 1: Elevation (-90.0deg=NO ),Airmass (>38.000=NO), Daylight (NO ) Table cut-offs 2: Solar elongation ( 0.0,180.0=NO ),Local Hour Angle( 0.0=NO ) Table cut-offs 3: RA/DEC angular rate ( 0.0=NO )
Initial IAU76/J2000 heliocentric ecliptic osculating elements (au, days, deg.): EPOCH= 2457170.5 ! 2015-May-28.00 (TDB) Residual RMS= .27009
EC= .1354077955542911 QR= 1.995819225323459 TP= 2456975.9043532526
OM= 294.4043745098725 W= 303.8402407207253 IN= 3.264823402829161
Equivalent ICRF heliocentric cartesian coordinates (au, au/d): X= 1.293343275210290E+00 Y=-1.596722684569543E+00 Z=-6.634486437620297E-01 VX= 1.044587953759371E-02 VY= 5.256299653266204E-03 VZ= 3.025117666147401E-03 Asteroid physical parameters (km, seconds, rotational period in hours):
GM= n.a. RAD= 3.6205 ROTPER= n.a.
H= 14.62 G= .150 B-V= n.a.
ALBEDO= .064 STYP= n.a.
Date(UT)HR:MN R.A.(ICRF)DEC APmag S-brt delta deldot S-O-T /r S-T-O Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG Lun_Sky_Brt sky_SNR
$$SOE 2022-Jan-09 00:00 17 47 55.30 -24 46 56.9 19.097 6.515 2.89438571198525 -6.0860505 21.1716 /L 10.1815 1.4306318 90.113348 -6.937959 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-10 00:00 17 50 26.49 -24 47 01.0 19.103 6.523 2.89083661601573 -6.2042665 21.6171 /L 10.3854 1.4291918 89.857557 -7.086894 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-11 00:00 17 52 57.54 -24 46 56.0 19.109 6.532 2.88721940527770 -6.3219446 22.0631 /L 10.5890 1.4277245 89.601910 -7.236078 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-12 00:00 17 55 28.42 -24 46 41.9 19.115 6.540 2.88353437175775 -6.4391494 22.5095 /L 10.7923 1.4262315 89.346452 -7.385593 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-13 00:00 17 57 59.13 -24 46 18.6 19.121 6.548 2.87978177058481 -6.5559439 22.9565 /L 10.9951 1.4247140 89.091225 -7.535521 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-14 00:00 18 00 29.67 -24 45 46.2 19.126 6.556 2.87596182067454 -6.6723908 23.4040 /L 11.1976 1.4231729 88.836271 -7.685943 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-15 00:00 18 03 00.01 -24 45 04.7 19.132 6.564 2.87207470439514 -6.7885543 23.8520 /L 11.3997 1.4216088 88.581631 -7.836946 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-16 00:00 18 05 30.15 -24 44 14.2 19.137 6.572 2.86812056597339 -6.9045027 24.3006 /L 11.6014 1.4200225 88.327343 -7.988620 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-17 00:00 18 08 00.10 -24 43 14.7 19.142 6.580 2.86409950889904 -7.0203089 24.7496 /L 11.8027 1.4184141 88.073445 -8.141065 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-18 00:00 18 10 29.82 -24 42 06.2 19.147 6.588 2.86001159294988 -7.1360511 25.1993 /L 12.0036 1.4167836 87.819971 -8.294389 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-19 00:00 18 12 59.33 -24 40 48.8 19.152 6.595 2.85585683164822 -7.2518109 25.6494 /L 12.2041 1.4151305 87.566954 -8.448706 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-20 00:00 18 15 28.61 -24 39 22.5 19.157 6.603 2.85163519095794 -7.3676710 26.1002 /L 12.4042 1.4134538 87.314423 -8.604138 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-21 00:00 18 17 57.64 -24 37 47.4 19.162 6.611 2.84734658985837 -7.4837107 26.5515 /L 12.6038 1.4117519 87.062404 -8.760805 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-22 00:00 18 20 26.44 -24 36 03.4 19.167 6.618 2.84299090316390 -7.6000029 27.0034 /L 12.8030 1.4100228 86.810918 -8.918828 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-23 00:00 18 22 54.98 -24 34 10.7 19.171 6.626 2.83856796672809 -7.7166090 27.4559 /L 13.0017 1.4082636 86.559987 -9.078318 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-24 00:00 18 25 23.25 -24 32 09.3 19.176 6.633 2.83407758511605 -7.8335751 27.9090 /L 13.2000 1.4064713 86.309626 -9.239375 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-25 00:00 18 27 51.26 -24 29 59.2 19.180 6.641 2.82951954201342 -7.9509264 28.3627 /L 13.3978 1.4046418 86.059852 -9.402082 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-26 00:00 18 30 18.98 -24 27 40.5 19.184 6.648 2.82489361398611 -8.0686612 28.8171 /L 13.5951 1.4027711 85.810680 -9.566495 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-27 00:00 18 32 46.41 -24 25 13.2 19.189 6.656 2.82019958844922 -8.1867423 29.2721 /L 13.7919 1.4008543 85.562125 -9.732633 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-28 00:00 18 35 13.54 -24 22 37.4 19.193 6.663 2.81543728641709 -8.3050892 29.7278 /L 13.9882 1.3988868 85.314208 -9.900469 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-29 00:00 18 37 40.36 -24 19 53.2 19.197 6.670 2.81060658934038 -8.4235727 30.1842 /L 14.1839 1.3968643 85.066957 -10.06992 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-30 00:00 18 40 06.85 -24 17 00.6 19.201 6.677 2.80570746698612 -8.5420175 30.6412 /L 14.3792 1.3947834 84.820405 -10.24083 n.a. n.a. 2022-Jan-31 00:00 18 42 33.01 -24 13 59.6 19.204 6.685 2.80074000064261 -8.6602161 31.0989 /L 14.5738 1.3926427 84.574600 -10.41301 n.a. n.a. 2022-Feb-01 00:00 18 44 58.83 -24 10 50.3 19.208 6.692 2.79570439468870 -8.7779547 31.5572 /L 14.7678 1.3904424 84.329594 -10.58624 n.a. n.a. 2022-Feb-02 00:00 18 47 24.29 -24 07 32.9 19.212 6.699 2.79060097154051 -8.8950433 32.0161 /L 14.9612 1.3881849 84.085447 -10.76031 n.a. n.a. 2022-Feb-03 00:00 18 49 49.39 -24 04 07.3 19.215 6.706 2.78543015013538 -9.0113407 32.4757 /L 15.1540 1.3858740 83.842217 -10.93506 n.a. n.a. 2022-Feb-04 00:00 18 52 14.11 -24 00 33.6 19.218 6.713 2.78019241378653 -9.1267658 32.9359 /L 15.3461 1.3835145 83.599959 -11.11037 n.a. n.a. 2022-Feb-05 00:00 18 54 38.45 -23 56 52.0 19.222 6.720 2.77488827605712 -9.2412933 33.3967 /L 15.5375 1.3811106 83.358722 -11.28621 n.a. n.a. 2022-Feb-06 00:00 18 57 02.39 -23 53 02.4 19.225 6.726 2.76951825202640 -9.3549404 33.8582 /L 15.7283 1.3786664 83.118549 -11.46259 n.a. n.a. 2022-Feb-07 00:00 18 59 25.94 -23 49 05.0 19.228 6.733 2.76408283855467 -9.4677504 34.3202 /L 15.9183 1.3761851 82.879477 -11.63956 n.a. n.a. 2022-Feb-08 00:00 19 01 49.08 -23 44 59.8 19.231 6.740 2.75858250343689 -9.5797788 34.7828 /L 16.1076 1.3736691 82.641539 -11.81718 n.a. n.a. $$EOE
Column meaning:
TIME
Times PRIOR to 1962 are UT1, a mean-solar time closely related to the prior but now-deprecated GMT. Times AFTER 1962 are in UTC, the current civil or "wall-clock" time-scale. UTC is kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1 using integer leap-seconds for 1972 and later years.
Conversion from the internal Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) of solar system dynamics to the non-uniform civil UT time-scale requested for output has not been determined for UTC times after the next July or January 1st. Therefore, the last known leap-second is used as a constant over future intervals.
Time tags refer to the UT time-scale conversion from TDB on Earth regardless of observer location within the solar system, although clock rates may differ due to the local gravity field and no analog to "UT" may be defined for that location.
Any 'b' symbol in the 1st-column denotes a B.C. date. First-column blank (" ") denotes an A.D. date. Calendar dates prior to 1582-Oct-15 are in the Julian calendar system. Later calendar dates are in the Gregorian system.
NOTE: "n.a." in output means quantity "not available" at the print-time.
'R.A.(ICRF)DEC' = Astrometric right ascension and declination of the target center with respect to the observing site (coordinate origin) in the reference frame of the planetary ephemeris (ICRF). Compensated for down-leg light-time delay aberration.
Units: RA in hours-minutes-seconds of time, HH MM SS.ff{ffff} DEC in degrees-minutes-seconds of arc, sDD MN SC.f{ffff}
'APmag S-brt' = The asteroids' approximate apparent airless visual magnitude and surface brightness using the standard IAU H-G system magnitude model:
APmag = H + 5log10(delta) + 5log10(r) - 2.5log10((1-G)phi_1 + G*phi_2)
For solar phase angles >90 deg, the error could exceed 1 magnitude. For phase angles >120 degrees, output values are rounded to the nearest integer to indicate error could be large and unknown. For Earth-based observers, the estimated dimming due to atmospheric absorption (extinction) is available as a separate, requestable quantity.
Surface brightness is the average airless visual magnitude of a square-arcsecond of the illuminated portion of the apparent disk. It is computed only if the target radius is known.
Units: MAGNITUDES & MAGNITUDES PER SQUARE ARCSECOND
'delta deldot' = Apparent range ("delta", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("delta-dot") of the target center relative to the observer. A positive "deldot" means the target center is moving away from the observer, negative indicates movement toward the observer. Units: AU and KM/S
'S-O-T /r' = Sun-Observer-Target apparent SOLAR ELONGATION ANGLE seen from the observers' location at print-time.
The '/r' column provides a code indicating the targets' apparent position relative to the Sun in the observers' sky, as described below:
Case A: For an observing location on the surface of a rotating body, that body rotational sense is considered:
Case B: For an observing point that does not have a rotational model (such as a spacecraft), the "leading" and "trailing" condition is defined by the observers' heliocentric ORBITAL motion:
Two other codes can be output: /* indicates observer is Sun-centered (undefined) /? Target is aligned with Sun center (no lead or trail)
The S-O-T solar elongation angle is numerically the minimum separation angle of the Sun and target in the sky in any direction. It does NOT indicate the amount of separation in the leading or trailing directions, which would be defined along the equator of a spherical coordinate system.
Units: DEGREES
'S-T-O' = The Sun-Target-Observer angle; the interior vertex angle at target center formed by a vector from the target to the apparent center of the Sun (at reflection time on the target) and the apparent vector from target to the observer at print-time. Slightly different from true PHASE ANGLE (requestable separately) at the few arcsecond level in that it includes stellar aberration on the down-leg from target to observer. Units: DEGREES
'Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG' = Total apparent angular rate of the target in the plane-of-sky. "Sky_mot_PA" is the position angle of the target's direction of motion in the plane-of-sky, measured counter-clockwise from the apparent of-date north pole direction. "RelVel-ANG" is the flight path angle of the target's relative motion with respect to the observer's line-of-sight, in the range [-90,+90], where positive values indicate motion away from the observer, negative values are toward the observer:
-90 = target is moving directly toward the observer 0 = target is moving at right angles to the observer's line-of-sight +90 = target is moving directly away from the observer
UNITS: ARCSECONDS/MINUTE, DEGREES, DEGREES
'Lun_Sky_Brt sky_SNR' = Sky brightness due to moonlight scattered by Earth's atmosphere at the target's position in the sky. "sky_SNR" is the visual signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the target's surface brightness relative to background sky. Output only for topocentric Earth observers when both the Moon and target are above the local horizon and the Sun is in astronomical twilight (or further) below the horizon, and the target is not the Moon or Sun. If all conditions are not met, "n.a." is output. Galactic brightness, local sky light-pollution and weather are NOT considered. Lunar opposition surge is considered. The value returned is accurate under ideal conditions at the approximately 8-23% level, so is a useful but not definitive value.
If the target-body radius is also known, "sky_SNR" is output. This is the approximate visual signal-to-noise ratio of the target's brightness divided by lunar sky brightness. When sky_SNR < 1, the target is dimmer than the ideal moonlight-scattering background sky, so unlikely to be detectable at visual wavelengths. In practice, visibility requires sky_SNR > 1 and a detector sensitive enough to reach the target's magnitude, even if it isn't washed out by moonlight. When relating magnitudes and brightness values, keep in mind their logarithmic relationship m2-m1 = -2.5*log_10(b2/b1).
UNITS: VISUAL MAGNITUDES / ARCSECOND^2, and unitless ratio
Computations by ...