Help

[envoy221b]

I know this is something very basic and easy but I am entirely new to this and was hoping if you could help me. I installed homebrew and graphviz however, I am unable to select the tag for some reason, even while it being present in my deck. Can you please help me with this

[RisingOrange]

Hi, I think I know why it didn't work with the tag you chose. Does the tag have any sub-tags?

Currently you can only choose tags that have other sub-tags (e.g. A::B is a sub-tag of A) to make a mind map from them. I made it this way because mind maps consisting of only one node are kinda boring. (With the "include notes" option active there would be one central node with some notes around it). I understand that this can be confusing and I probably should change something about this.

[RisingOrange]

I updated the add-on. Now it should be possible to make mind maps from all tags. You can go to Tools -> Addons and click "Check for updates" to get the new version immediately (Anki sometimes doesn't check for updates for some time).

[envoy221b]

Hello! thankyou so much for helping me out with this! I am extremely sorry to be bothering you with this. I tried doing what you said, and now, this error is appearing. I would be really. grateful if you would help me out with this issue.

An error occurred. Please start Anki while holding down the shift key, which will temporarily disable the add-ons you have installed.

If the issue only occurs when add-ons are enabled, please use the Tools > Add-ons menu item to disable some add-ons and restart Anki, repeating until you discover the add-on that is causing the problem.

When you've discovered the add-on that is causing the problem, please report the issue on the add-on support site https://help.ankiweb.net/discussions/add-ons/.

Debug info:

Anki 2.1.43 (0fbae6bc) Python 3.8.6 Qt 5.14.2 PyQt 5.14.2

Platform: Mac 10.14.6

Flags: frz=True ao=True sv=2

Add-ons, last update check: 2021-05-06 12:36:41

Add-ons possibly involved: ⁨Mindmap from tag hierarchy⁩

Caught exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap_creator_dialog.py", line 82, in _on_show_button_click

self._save_mindmap_to_file(f.name)

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap_creator_dialog.py", line 121, in _save_mindmap_to_file

mindmap.save_as_img(

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap.py", line 24, in save_as_img

markdown = self._to_markdown(include_notes)

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap.py", line 74, in _to_markdown

return self._tree_to_markdown(self.tree, include_notes)

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap.py", line 89, in _tree_to_markdown

return '\n'.join([

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap.py", line 90, in

(f'{indent}{key.strip()} {self._percentage_of_notes_by_path(new_path(key))}\n' +

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap.py", line 71, in _percentage_of_notes_by_path

return cur_path_amount / notes_total_amount

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

On Wed, May 5, 2021 at 11:27 PM RisingOrange @.***> wrote:

I updated the add-on. Now it should be possible to make mind maps from all tags. You can go to Tools -> Addons and click "Check for updates" to get the new version immediately (Anki sometimes doesn't check for updates for some time).

— You are receiving this because you authored the thread. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub https://github.com/RisingOrange/anki-mindmap/issues/4#issuecomment-832892293, or unsubscribe https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AT6TUGJQUVM4RCFRR7XESLDTMGBHPANCNFSM44EPOXHA .

[RisingOrange]

Would you mind exporting your notes/decks and sending them to me? This way it would be much easier for me to find what causes the problem. If you don't want to share your Anki notes with me I will try something else.

If the tagged notes you want to make a mind map from are all in one deck, you can export just the deck as notes in plain text like this: If the notes are in multiple decks you can export the whole collection by going to File->Export and then exporting notes in plain text.

Then please send the file to me and tell me what tag you chose to be in the middle of the mind map.

[envoy221b]

Hello, below are the notes attached. I am extremely thankful that you are taking the time out to reply and help me out with this!

On Thu, May 6, 2021 at 7:22 PM RisingOrange @.***> wrote:

Would you mind exporting your notes/decks and sending them to me? This way it would be much easier for me to find what causes the problem. If you don't want to share your Anki notes with me I will try something else.

If the tagged notes you want to make a mind map from are all in one deck, you can export just the deck as notes in plain text like this: [image: Peek 2021-05-06 15-33] https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/31575114/117307747-203fd300-ae81-11eb-893f-bd9934e37ccd.gif If the notes are in multiple decks you can export the whole collection by going to File->Export and then exporting notes in plain text.

Then please send the file to me and tell me what tag you chose to be in the middle of the mind map.

— You are receiving this because you authored the thread. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub https://github.com/RisingOrange/anki-mindmap/issues/4#issuecomment-833540677, or unsubscribe https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AT6TUGM4UJSRHQ7YAFTXCGLTMKNIHANCNFSM44EPOXHA .

front back
A priori probability A probability based on logical analysis rather than on observation or personal judgment. Glossary Abnormal return The amount by which a security’s actual return differs from its expected return, given the security’s risk and the market’s return. Glossary Absolute advantage A country’s ability to produce a good or service at a lower absolute cost than its trading partner. Absolute dispersion The amount of variability present without comparison to any reference point or benchmark.
Absolute frequency The number of observations in a given interval (for grouped data). Formulaaa Accelerated book build An offering of securities by an investment bank acting as principal that is accomplished in only one or two days. Formulaaa Accelerated methods Depreciation methods that allocate a relatively large proportion of the cost of an asset to the early years of the asset’s useful life. Formulaaa Accounting costs Monetary value of economic resources used in performing an activity. These can be explicit, out- of-pocket, current payments, or an allocation of historical payments (depreciation) for resources. They do not include implicit opportunity costs. Formulaaa Accounting profit Income as reported on the income statement, in accordance with prevailing accounting standards, before the provisions for income tax expense. Also called income before taxes or pretax income. Formulaaa Accounts payable Amounts that a business owes to its vendors for goods and services that were purchased from them but which have not yet been paid. Formulaaa Accounts receivable turnover Ratio of sales on credit to the average balance in accounts receivable. Formulaaa Accrued expenses Liabilities related to expenses that have been incurred but not yet paid as of the end of an accounting period—an example of an accrued expense is rent that has been incurred but not yet paid, resulting in a liability “rent payable.” Also called accrued liabilities. Formulaaa::glossary Accrued interest Interest earned but not yet paid.
Acid- test ratio A stringent measure of liquidity that indicates a company’s ability to satisfy current liabilities with its most liquid assets, calculated as (cash + short- term marketable investments + receivables) divided by current liabilities. Acquisition method A method of accounting for a business combination where the acquirer is required to measure each identifiable asset and liability at fair value. This method was the result of a joint project of the IASB and FASB aiming at convergence in standards for the accounting of business combinations. Action lag Delay from policy decisions to implementation.
Active investment An approach to investing in which the investor seeks to outperform a given benchmark.
Active return The return on a portfolio minus the return on the portfolio’s benchmark.
Active strategy In reference to short-term cash management, an investment strategy characterized by monitoring and attempting to capitalize on market conditions to optimize the risk and return relationship of short- term investments.
Activity ratios Ratios that measure how efficiently a company performs day- to-day tasks, such as the collection of receivables and management of inventory. Also called asset utilization ratios or operating efficiency ratios.
Add- on rates Bank certificates of deposit, repos, and indexes such as Libor and Euribor are quoted on an add-on rate basis (bond equivalent yield basis).
Addition rule for probabilities A principle stating that the probability that A or B occurs (both occur) equals the probability that A occurs, plus the probability that B occurs, minus the probability that both A and B occur.
Agency bonds See quasi- government bond. Agency RMBS In the United States, securities backed by residential mortgage loans and guaranteed by a federal agency or guaranteed by either of the two GSEs (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac).
Aggregate demand The quantity of goods and services that households, businesses, government, and foreign customers want to buy at any given level of prices. Aggregate demand curve Inverse relationship between the price level and real output.
Aggregate income The value of all the payments earned by the suppliers of factors used in the production of goods and services.
Aggregate output The value of all the goods and services produced in a specified period of time. Aggregate supply The quantity of goods and services producers are willing to supply at any given level of price. Aggregate supply curve The level of domestic output that companies will produce at each price level.
Aging schedule A breakdown of accounts into categories of days outstanding.
All- or- nothing (AON) orders An order that includes the instruction to trade only if the trade fills the entire quantity (size) specified.
Allocationally efficient A characteristic of a market, a financial system, or an economy that promotes the allocation of resources to their highest value uses.
Alternative data Non- traditional data types generated by the use of electronic devices, social media, satellite and sensor networks, and company exhaust.
Alternative investment markets Market for investments other than traditional securities investments (i.e., traditional common and preferred shares and traditional fixed income instruments). The term usually encompasses direct and indirect investment in real estate (including timberland and farmland) and commodities (including precious metals); hedge funds, private equity, and other investments requiring specialized due diligence.
Alternative trading systems Trading venues that function like exchanges but that do not exercise regulatory authority over their subscribers except with respect to the conduct of the subscribers’ trading in their trading systems. Also called electronic communications networks or multilateral trading facilities.
American depository receipt A US dollar- denominated security that trades like a common share on US exchanges.
American depository share The underlying shares on which American depository receipts are based. They trade in the issuing company’s domestic market. American-style Type of option contract that can be exercised at any time up to the option’s expiration date.
Amortisation The process of allocating the cost of intangible long- term assets having a finite useful life to accounting periods; the allocation of the amount of a bond premium or discount to the periods remaining until bond maturity.
Amortised cost The historical cost (initially recognised cost) of an asset, adjusted for amortisation and impairment.
Amortizing bond Bond with a payment schedule that calls for periodic payments of interest and repayments of principal.
Amortizing loan Loan with a payment schedule that calls for periodic payments of interest and repayments of principal.
Annual percentage rate The cost of borrowing expressed as a yearly rate.
Annuity A finite set of level sequential cash flows.
Annuity due An annuity having a first cash flow that is paid immediately.
Anticipation stock Excess inventory that is held in anticipation of increased demand, often because of seasonal patterns of demand.
Antidilutive With reference to a transaction or a security, one that would increase earnings per share (EPS) or result in EPS higher than the company’s basic EPS—antidilutive securities are not included in the calculation of diluted EPS.
Arbitrage 1) The simultaneous purchase of an undervalued asset or portfolio and sale of an overvalued but equivalent asset or portfolio, in order to obtain a riskless profit on the price differential. Taking advantage of a market inefficiency in a risk- free manner. 2) The condition in a financial market in which equivalent assets or combinations of assets sell for two different prices, creating an opportunity to profit at no risk with no commitment of money. In a well-functioning financial market, few arbitrage opportunities are possible. 3) A risk- free operation that earns an expected positive net profit but requires no net investment of money.
Arbitrage-free pricing The overall process of pricing derivatives by arbitrage and risk neutrality. Also called the principle of no arbitrage. Arbitrageurs Traders who engage in arbitrage. See arbitrage. Arithmetic mean The sum of the observations divided by the number of observations.
Arms index A flow of funds indicator applied to a broad stock market index to measure the relative extent to which money is moving into or out of rising and declining stocks. Artificial intelligence Computer systems that exhibit cognitive and decision-making ability comparable (or superior) to that of humans. Asian call option A European-style option with a value at maturity equal to the difference between the stock price at maturity and the average stock price during the life of the option, or $0, whichever is greater.
Ask The price at which a dealer or trader is willing to sell an asset, typically qualified by a maximum quantity (ask size). See offer. Ask size The maximum quantity of an asset that pertains to a specific ask price from a trader. For example, if the ask for a share issue is $30 for a size of 1,000 shares, the trader is offering to sell at $30 up to 1,000 shares.
Asset allocation The process of determining how investment funds should be distributed among asset classes.
Asset-backed securities A type of bond issued by a legal entity called a special purpose entity (SPE) on a collection of assets that the SPE owns. Also, securities backed by receivables and loans other than mortgages.
Asset- based loan A loan that is secured with company assets. Asset-based valuation models Valuation based on estimates of the market value of a company’s assets. Asset beta The unlevered beta; reflects the business risk of the assets; the asset’s systematic risk.
Asset class A group of assets that have similar characteristics, attributes, and risk/return relationships. Asset swap Converts the periodic fixed coupon of a specific bond to a Libor plus or minus a spread.
Asset utilization ratios Ratios that measure how efficiently a company performs day- to-day tasks, such as the collection of receivables and management of inventory.
Assets Resources controlled by an enterprise as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits to the enterprise are expected to flow.
Assignment of accounts receivable The use of accounts receivable as collateral for a loan.
At the money An option in which the underlying’s price equals the exercise price.
Auction A type of bond issuing mechanism often used for sovereign bonds that involves bidding.
Autarkic price The price of a good or service in an autarkic economy.
Autarky A state in which a country does not trade with other countries. Automated Clearing House (ACH) An electronic payment network available to businesses, individuals, and financial institutions in the United States, US Territories, and Canada.
Automatic stabilizer A countercyclical factor that automatically comes into play as an economy slows and unemployment rises. Available- for-sale Under US GAAP, debt securities not classified as either held-to- maturity or held- for-trading securities. The investor is willing to sell but not actively planning to sell. In general, available-for- sale debt secu rities are reported at fair value on the balance sheet, with unrealized gains included as a component of other comprehensive income.
Average accounting rate of return (ARR) Over the life of a project, the AAR can be defined as the average net income divided by the average book value.
Average fixed cost Total fixed cost divided by quantity produced.
Average life See weighted average life.
Average product Measures the productivity of inputs on average and is calculated by dividing total product by the total number of units for a given input that is used to generate that output. Average revenue Total revenue divided by quantity sold. Average total cost Total cost divided by quantity produced.
Average variable cost Total variable cost divided by quantity produced.
Back simulation Another term for the historical method of estimating VaR. This term is somewhat misleading in that the method involves not a simulation of the past but rather what actually happened in the past, sometimes adjusted to reflect the fact that a different portfolio may have existed in the past than is planned for the future.
Back- testing With reference to portfolio strategies, the application of a strategy’s portfolio selection rules to historical data to assess what would have been the strategy’s historical performance.
Backup lines of credit A type of credit enhancement provided by a bank to an issuer of commercial paper to ensure that the issuer will have access to sufficient liquidity to repay maturing commercial paper if issuing new paper is not a viable option. Balance of payments A double-entry bookkeeping system that summarizes a country’s economic transactions with the rest of the world for a particular period of time, typically a calendar quarter or year.
Balance of trade deficit When the domestic economy is spending more on foreign goods and services than foreign economies are spending on domestic goods and services.
Balance sheet The financial statement that presents an entity’s current financial position by disclosing resources the entity controls (its assets) and the claims on those resources (its liabilities and equity claims), as of a particular point in time (the date of the balance sheet). Also called statement of financial position or statement of financial condition. Balance sheet ratios Financial ratios involving balance sheet items only.
Balanced With respect to a government budget, one in which spending and revenues (taxes) are equal.
Balloon payment Large payment required at maturity to retire a bond’s outstanding principal amount. Bar chart A price chart with four bits of data for each time interval—the high, low, opening, and closing prices. A vertical line connects the high and low. A cross-hatch left indicates the opening price and a cross-hatch right indicates the close.
Barter economy An economy where economic agents as house- holds, corporations, and governments “pay” for goods and services with another good or service.
Base rates The reference rate on which a bank bases lending rates to all other customers.
Basic EPS Net earnings available to common shareholders (i.e., net income minus preferred dividends) divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Basis point Used in stating yield spreads, one basis point equals one-hundredth of a percentage point, or 0.01%.
Basket of listed depository receipts An exchange- traded fund (ETF) that represents a portfolio of depository receipts.
Bearer bonds Bonds for which ownership is not recorded; only the clearing system knows who the bond owner is.
Behavioral finance A field of finance that examines the psychological variables that affect and often distort the investment decision making of investors, analysts, and portfolio managers.
Behind the market Said of prices specified in orders that are worse than the best current price; e.g., for a limit buy order, a limit price below the best bid.
Benchmark A comparison portfolio; a point of reference or comparison. Benchmark issue The latest sovereign bond issue for a given maturity. It serves as a benchmark against which to compare bonds that have the same features but that are issued by another type of issuer.
Benchmark rate Typically the yield-to- maturity on a government bond having the same, or close to the same, time- to-maturity. Benchmark spread The yield spread over a specific benchmark, usually measured in basis points.
Bernoulli random variable A random variable having the outcomes 0 and 1.
Bernoulli trial An experiment that can produce one of two outcomes. Best bid The highest bid in the market.
Best effort offering An offering of a security using an investment bank in which the investment bank, as agent for the issuer, promises to use its best efforts to sell the offering but does not guarantee that a specific amount will be sold. Best- in- class An ESG implementation approach that seeks to identify the most favorable companies in an industry based on ESG considerations.
Best offer The lowest offer (ask price) in the market. Beta A measure of the sensitivity of a given investment or portfolio to movements in the overall market. Bid The price at which a dealer or trader is willing to buy an asset, typically qualified by a maximum quantity.
Bid–ask spread The difference between the prices at which dealers will buy from a customer (bid) and sell to a customer (offer or ask). It is often used as an indicator of liquidity. Bid–offer spread The difference between the prices at which dealers will buy from a customer (bid) and sell to a customer (offer or ask). It is often used as an indicator of liquidity. Bid size The maximum quantity of an asset that pertains to a specific bid price from a trader.
Big Data The vast amount of data being generated by industry, governments, individuals, and electronic devices that arises from both traditional and non-traditional data sources.
Bilateral loan A loan from a single lender to a single borrower.
Binomial model A model for pricing options in which the underlying price can move to only one of two possible new prices.
Binomial random variable The number of successes in n Bernoulli trials for which the probability of success is constant for all trials and the trials are independent.
Binomial tree The graphical representation of a model of asset price dynamics in which, at each period, the asset moves up with probability p or down with probability (1 – p).
Bitcoin A cryptocurrency using blockchain technology that was created in 2009.
Block brokers A broker (agent) that provides brokerage services for large-size trades.
Blockchain A type of digital ledger in which information is recorded sequentially and then linked together and secured using cryptographic methods.
Blue chip Widely held large market capitalization companies that are considered financially sound and are leaders in their respective industry or local stock market. Bollinger Bands A price-based technical analysis indicator consisting of a moving average plus a higher line representing the moving average plus a set number of standard deviations from average price (for the same number of periods as used to calculate the moving average) and a lower line that is a moving average minus the same number of standard deviations.
Bond Contractual agreement between the issuer and the bondholders.
Bond equivalent yield A calculation of yield that is annualized using the ratio of 365 to the number of days to maturity. Bond equivalent yield allows for the restatement and comparison of securities with different compounding periods.
Bond indenture The governing legal credit agreement, typically incorporated by reference in the prospectus. Also called trust deed.
Bond market vigilantes Bond market participants who might reduce their demand for long- term bonds, thus pushing up their yields.
Bond yield plus risk premium approach An estimate of the cost of common equity that is produced by summing the before-tax cost of debt and a risk premium that captures the additional yield on a company’s stock relative to its bonds. The additional yield is often estimated using historical spreads between bond yields and stock yields.
Bonus issue of shares A type of dividend in which a company distributes additional shares of its common stock to shareholders instead of cash.
Book building Investment bankers’ process of compiling a “book” or list of indications of interest to buy part of an offering.
Book value The net amount shown for an asset or liability on the balance sheet; book value may also refer to the company’s excess of total assets over total liabilities. Also called carrying value.
Boom An expansionary phase characterized by economic growth “testing the limits” of the economy. Bottom- up analysis An investment selection approach that focuses on company-specific circumstances rather than emphasizing economic cycles or industry analysis.
Break point In the context of the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), a break point is the amount of capital at which the cost of one or more of the sources of capital changes, leading to a change in the WACC.
Breakeven point The number of units produced and sold at which the company’s net income is zero (Revenues = Total cost); in the case of perfect competition, the quantity at which price, average revenue, and marginal revenue equal average total cost.
Bridge financing Interim financing that provides funds until permanent financing can be arranged.
Broad money Encompasses narrow money plus the entire range of liquid assets that can be used to make purchases. Broker 1) An agent who executes orders to buy or sell securities on behalf of a client in exchange for a commission. 2) See futures commission merchants.
Broker–dealer A financial intermediary (often a company) that may function as a principal (dealer) or as an agent (broker) depending on the type of trade.
Brokered market A market in which brokers arrange trades among their clients.
Budget surplus/deficit The difference between government revenue and expenditure for a stated fixed period of time.
Bullet bond Bond in which the principal repayment is made entirely at maturity. Business risk The risk associated with operating earnings. Operating earnings are uncertain because total revenues and many of the expenditures contributed to produce those revenues are uncertain.
Buy- side firm An investment management company or other investor that uses the services of brokers or dealers (i.e., the client of the sell side firms).
Buyback A transaction in which a company buys back its own shares. Unlike stock dividends and stock splits, share repurchases use corporate cash.
Call An option that gives the holder the right to buy an underlying asset from another party at a fixed price over a specific period of time.
Call market A market in which trades occur only at a particular time and place (i.e., when the market is called).
Call money rate The interest rate that buyers pay for their margin loan.
Call option An option that gives the holder the right to buy an underlying asset from another party at a fixed price over a specific period of time.
Call protection The time during which the issuer of the bond is not allowed to exercise the call option.
Callable bond A bond containing an embedded call option that gives the issuer the right to buy the bond back from the investor at specified prices on pre-determined dates.
Candlestick chart A price chart with four bits of data for each time interval. A candle indicates the opening and closing price for the interval. The body of the candle is shaded if the opening price was higher than the closing price, and the body is clear if the opening price was lower than the closing price. Vertical lines known as wicks or shadows extend from the top and bottom of the candle to indicate the high and the low prices for the interval.
Cannibalization Cannibalization occurs when an investment takes customers and sales away from another part of the company.
Capacity The ability of the borrower to make its debt payments on time.
Capital account A component of the balance of payments account that measures transfers of capital.
Capital allocation line (CAL) A graph line that describes the combinations of expected return and standard deviation of return available to an investor from combining the optimal portfolio of risky assets with the risk-free asset.
Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) An equation describing the expected return on any asset (or portfolio) as a linear function of its beta relative to the market portfolio.
Capital budgeting The process that companies use for decision making on capital projects—those projects with a life of one year or more.
Capital consumption allowance A measure of the wear and tear (depreciation) of the capital stock that occurs in the production of goods and services. Capital deepening investment Increases the stock of capital relative to labor.
Capital expenditure Expenditure on physical capital (fixed assets). Capital lease See finance lease.
Capital market expectations An investor’s expectations concerning the risk and return prospects of asset classes.
Capital market line (CML) The line with an intercept point equal to the risk-free rate that is tangent to the efficient frontier of risky assets; represents the efficient frontier when a risk-free asset is available for investment. Capital market securities Securities with maturities at issuance longer than one year.
Capital markets Financial markets that trade securities of longer duration, such as bonds and equities. Capital rationing A capital rationing environment assumes that the company has a fixed amount of funds to invest. Capital restrictions Controls placed on foreigners’ ability to own domestic assets and/or domestic residents’ ability to own foreign assets. Capital stock The accumulated amount of buildings, machinery, and equipment used to produce goods and services.
Capital structure The mix of debt and equity that a company uses to finance its business; a company’s specific mixture of long- term financing.
Captive finance subsidiary A wholly-owned subsidiary of a company that is established to provide financing of the sales of the parent company. Carry The net of the costs and benefits of holding, storing, or “carrying” an asset.
Carrying amount The amount at which an asset or liability is valued according to accounting principles. Carrying value The net amount shown for an asset or liability on the balance sheet; book value may also refer to the company’s excess of total assets over total liabilities. For a bond, the purchase price plus (or minus) the amortized amount of the discount (or premium).
Cartel Participants in collusive agreements that are made openly and formally. Cash collateral account Form of external credit enhancement whereby the issuer immediately borrows the credit- enhancement amount and then invests that amount, usually in highly rated short- term commercial paper.
Cash conversion cycle A financial metric that measures the length of time required for a company to convert cash invested in its operations to cash received as a result of its operations; equal to days of inventory on hand + days of sales outstanding – number of days of payables. Also called net operating cycle. Cash flow additivity principle The principle that dollar amounts indexed at the same point in time are additive.
Cash flow from operating activities The net amount of cash provided from operating activities.
Cash flow from operations The net amount of cash provided from operating activities.
Cash flow yield The internal rate of return on a series of cash flows.
Cash market securities Money market securities settled on a “same day” or “cash settlement” basis. Cash markets See spot markets.
Cash prices See spot prices.
Cash-settled forwards See non-deliverable forwards .
CBOE Volatility Index A measure of near- term market volatility as conveyed by S&P 500 stock index option prices. Central bank funds market The market in which deposit- taking banks that have an excess reserve with their national central bank can loan money to banks that need funds for maturities ranging from overnight to one year. Called the Federal or Fed funds market in the United States.
Central bank funds rates Interest rates at which central bank funds are bought (borrowed) and sold (lent) for maturities ranging from overnight to one year. Called Federal or Fed funds rates in the United States. Central banks The dominant bank in a country, usually with official or semi-official governmental status. Certificate of deposit An instrument that represents a specified amount of funds on deposit with a bank for a specified maturity and interest rate. CDs are issued in various denominations and can be negotiable or non-negotiable.
Change in polarity principle A tenet of technical analysis that once a support level is breached, it becomes a resistance level. The same holds true for resistance levels; once breached, they become support levels.
Change of control put A covenant giving bondholders the right to require the issuer to buy back their debt, often at par or at some small premium to par value, in the event that the borrower is acquired. Character The quality of a debt issuer’s management.
Classified balance sheet A balance sheet organized so as to group together the various assets and liabilities into subcategories (e.g., current and noncurrent). Clawback A requirement that the general partner return any funds distributed as incentive fees until the limited partners have received back their initial investment and a percentage of the total profit.
Clearing The process by which the exchange verifies the execution of a transaction and records the participants’ identities. Clearing instructions Instructions that indicate how to arrange the final settlement (“clearing”) of a trade. Clearinghouse An entity associated with a futures market that acts as middleman between the contracting parties and guarantees to each party the performance of the other.
Closed economy An economy that does not trade with other countries; an autarkic economy.
Closed- end fund A mutual fund in which no new investment money is accepted. New investors invest by buying existing shares, and investors in the fund liquidate by selling their shares to other investors. Code of ethics An established guide that communicates an organization’s values and overall expectations regarding member behavior. A code of ethics serves as a general guide for how community members should act.
Coefficient of variation (CV) The ratio of a set of observations’ standard deviation to the observations’ mean value.
Coincident economic indicators Turning points that are usually close to those of the overall economy; they are believed to have value for identifying the economy’s present state. Collateral manager Buys and sells debt obligations for and from the CDO’s portfolio of assets (i.e., the collateral) to generate sufficient cash flows to meet the obligations to the CDO bondholders. Collateral trust bonds Bonds secured by securities such as common shares, other bonds, or other financial assets.
Collateralized bond obligations A structured asset-backed security that is collateralized by a pool of bonds.
Collateralized debt obligation Generic term used to describe a security backed by a diversified pool of one or more debt obligations.
Collateralized loan obligations A structured asset-backed security that is collateralized by a pool of loans.
Collateralized mortgage obligation A security created through the securitization of a pool of mortgage-related products (mortgage pass-through securities or pools of loans).
Collaterals Assets or financial guarantees underlying a debt obligation that are above and beyond the issuer’s promise to pay.
Combination A listing in which the order of the listed items does not matter.
Commercial paper A short-term, negotiable, unsecured prom issory note that represents a debt obligation of the issuer.
Committed capital The amount that the limited partners have agreed to provide to the private equity fund. Committed lines of credit A bank commitment to extend credit up to a pre- specified amount; the commitment is considered a short- term liability and is usually in effect for 364 days (one day short of a full year).
Commodity swap A swap in which the underlying is a commodity such as oil, gold, or an agricultural product.
Common market Level of economic integration that incorporates all aspects of the customs union and extends it by allowing free movement of factors of production among members.
Common shares A type of security that represent an ownership interest in a company.
Common- size analysis The restatement of financial statement items using a common denominator or reference item that allows one to identify trends and major differences; an example is an income statement in which all items are expressed as a percent of revenue. Common stock See common shares.
Company analysis Analysis of an individual company.
Comparable company A company that has similar business risk; usually in the same industry and preferably with a single line of business.
Comparative advantage A country’s ability to produce a good or service at a lower relative cost, or opportunity cost, than its trading partner.
Competitive strategy A company’s plans for responding to the threats and opportunities presented by the external environment.
Complements Goods that tend to be used together; technically, two goods whose cross- price elasticity of demand is negative.
Complete markets Informally, markets in which the variety of distinct securities traded is so broad that any desired payoff in a future state-of- the- world is achievable.
Component cost of capital The rate of return required by suppliers of capital for an individual source of a company’s funding, such as debt or equity.
Compounding The process of accumulating interest on interest.
Comprehensive income The change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from nonowner sources; includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners; comprehensive income equals net income plus other comprehensive income.
Conditional expected value The expected value of a stated event given that another event has occurred. Conditional probability The probability of an event given (conditioned on) another event.
Conditional variances The variance of one variable, given the outcome of another. Consistent With reference to estimators, describes an estimator for which the probability of estimates close to the value of the population parameter increases as sample size increases.
Constant-yield price trajectory A graph that illustrates the change in the price of a fixed- income bond over time assuming no change in yield- to-maturity. The trajectory shows the “pull to par” effect on the price of a bond trading at a premium or a discount to par value.
Constituent securities With respect to an index, the individual securities within an index.
Consumer surplus The difference between the value that a consumer places on units purchased and the amount of money that was required to pay for them.
Contingency provision Clause in a legal document that allows for some action if a specific event or circumstance occurs.
Contingent claims Derivatives in which the payoffs occur if a specific event occurs; generally referred to as options.
Contingent convertible bonds Bonds that automatically convert into equity if a specific event or circumstance occurs, such as the issuer’s equity capital falling below the minimum requirement set by the regulators. Also called CoCos.
Continuation patterns A type of pattern used in technical analysis to predict the resumption of a market trend that was in place prior to the formation of a pattern. Continuous random variable A random variable for which the range of possible outcomes is the real line (all real numbers between −∞ and +∞ or some subset of the real line).
Continuous time Time thought of as advancing in extremely small increments. Continuous trading market A market in which trades can be arranged and executed any time the market is open.
Continuously compounded return The natural logarithm of 1 plus the holding period return, or equivalently, the natural logarithm of the ending price over the beginning price. Contra account An account that offsets another account.
Contract rate See mortgage rate.
Contraction The period of a business cycle after the peak and before the trough; often called a recession or, if exceptionally severe, called a depression. Contraction risk The risk that when interest rates decline, the security will have a shorter maturity than was anticipated at the time of purchase because borrowers refinance at the new, lower interest rates. Contractionary Tending to cause the real economy to contract.
Contractionary fiscal policy A fiscal policy that has the objective to make the real economy contract.
Contracts for differences See non- deliverable forwards.
Contribution margin The amount available for fixed costs and profit after paying variable costs; revenue minus variable costs.
Controlling shareholders A particular shareholder or block of shareholders holding a percentage of shares that gives them significant voting power.
Convenience yield A non-monetary advantage of holding an asset.
Conventional bond See plain vanilla bond. Conventional cash flow A conventional cash flow pattern is one with an initial outflow followed by a series of inflows.
Convergence The tendency for differences in output per capita across countries to diminish over time; in technical analysis, a term that describes the case when an indicator moves in the same manner as the security being analyzed.
Conversion price For a convertible bond, the price per share at which the bond can be converted into shares. Conversion ratio For a convertible bond, the number of common shares that each bond can be converted into.
Conversion value For a convertible bond, the current share price multiplied by the conversion ratio. Convertible bond Bond that gives the bondholder the right to exchange the bond for a specified number of common shares in the issuing company.
Convertible preference shares A type of equity security that entitles shareholders to convert their shares into a specified number of common shares.
Convexity adjustment For a bond, one half of the annual or approximate convexity statistic multiplied by the change in the yield- to-maturity squared.
Core inflation The inflation rate calculated based on a price index of goods and services except food and energy.
Corporate governance The system of internal controls and procedures by which individual companies are managed.
Correlation A number between −1 and +1 that measures the comovement (linear association) between two random variables.
Correlation coefficient A number between −1 and +1 that measures the consistency or tendency for two investments to act in a similar way. It is used to determine the effect on portfolio risk when two assets are combined.
Cost averaging The periodic investment of a fixed amount of money. Cost of capital The rate of return that suppliers of capital require as compensation for their contribution of capital. Cost of carry See carry.
Cost of debt The cost of debt financing to a company, such as when it issues a bond or takes out a bank loan.
Cost of preferred stock The cost to a company of issuing preferred stock; the dividend yield that a company must commit to pay preferred stockholders.
Cost- push Type of inflation in which rising costs, usually wages, compel businesses to raise prices generally.
Cost structure The mix of a company’s variable costs and fixed costs.
Counterparty risk The risk that the other party to a contract will fail to honor the terms of the contract.
Coupon rate The interest rate promised in a contract; this is the rate used to calculate the periodic interest payments.
Cournot assumption Assumption in which each firm determines its profit- maximizing production level assuming that the other firms’ output will not change. Covariance A measure of the co-movement (linear association) between two random variables. Covariance matrix A matrix or square array whose entries are covariances; also known as a variance–covariance matrix. Covenants The terms and conditions of lending agreements that the issuer must comply with; they specify the actions that an issuer is obligated to perform (affirmative covenant) or prohibited from performing (negative covenant).
Covered bond Debt obligation secured by a segregated pool of assets called the cover pool. The issuer must maintain the value of the cover pool. In the event of default, bondholders have recourse against both the issuer and the cover pool.
Credit analysis The evaluation of credit risk; the evaluation of the creditworthiness of a borrower or counterparty.
Credit curve A curve showing the relationship between time to maturity and yield spread for an issuer with comparable bonds of various maturities outstanding, usually upward sloping.
Credit default swap (CDS) A type of credit derivative in which one party, the credit protection buyer who is seeking credit protection against a third party, makes a series of regularly scheduled payments to the other party, the credit protection seller. The seller makes no payments until a credit event occurs.
Credit derivatives A contract in which one party has the right to claim a payment from another party in the event that a specific credit event occurs over the life of the contract.
Credit enhancements Provisions that may be used to reduce the credit risk of a bond issue.
Credit-linked coupon bond Bond for which the coupon changes when the bond’s credit rating changes.
Credit- linked note (CLN) Fixed-income security in which the holder of the security has the right to withhold payment of the full amount due at maturity if a credit event occurs.
Credit migration risk The risk that a bond issuer’s creditworthiness deteriorates, or migrates lower, leading investors to believe the risk of default is higher. Also called downgrade risk. Credit risk The risk of loss caused by a counterparty’s or debtor’s failure to make a promised payment. Also called default risk.
Credit scoring model A statistical model used to classify borrowers according to creditworthiness.
Credit spread option An option on the yield spread on a bond.
Credit tranching A structure used to redistribute the credit risk associated with the collateral; a set of bond classes created to allow investors a choice in the amount of credit risk that they prefer to bear.
Credit-worthiness The perceived ability of the borrower to pay what is owed on the borrowing in a timely manner; it represents the ability of a company to withstand adverse impacts on its cash flows.
Cross-default provisions Provisions whereby events of default such as non- payment of interest on one bond trigger default on all outstanding debt; implies the same default probability for all issues. Cross-price elasticity of demand The percentage change in quantity demanded for a given percentage change in the price of another good; the responsiveness of the demand for Product A that is associated with the change in price of Product B. Cross-sectional analysis Analysis that involves comparisons across individuals in a group over a given time period or at a given point in time.
Cross-sectional data Observations over individual units at a point in time, as opposed to time- series data. Crossing networks Trading systems that match buyers and sellers who are willing to trade at prices obtained from other markets.
Crowding out The thesis that government borrowing may divert private sector investment from taking place.
Cryptocurrency An electronic medium of exchange that lacks physical form.
Cryptography An algorithmic process to encrypt data, making the data unusable if received by unauthorized parties.
Cumulative distribution function A function giving the probability that a random variable is less than or equal to a specified value.
Cumulative preference shares Preference shares for which any dividends that are not paid accrue and must be paid in full before dividends on common shares can be paid.
Cumulative relative frequency For data grouped into intervals, the fraction of total observations that are less than the value of the upper limit of a stated interval.
Cumulative voting A voting process whereby each shareholder can accumulate and vote all his or her shares for a single candidate in an election, as opposed to having to allocate their voting rights evenly among all candidates.
Currencies Monies issued by national monetary authorities. Currency option bonds Bonds that give the bondholder the right to choose the currency in which he or she wants to receive interest payments and principal repayments. Currency swap A swap in which each party makes interest payments to the other in different currencies.
Current account A component of the balance of payments account that measures the flow of goods and services.
Current assets Assets that are expected to be consumed or converted into cash in the near future, typically one year or less. Also called liquid assets.
Current cost With reference to assets, the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid to buy the same or an equivalent asset today; with reference to liabilities, the undiscounted amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be required to settle the obligation today. Current government spending With respect to government expenditures, spending on goods and services that are provided on a regular, recurring basis including health, education, and defense.
Current liabilities Short- term obligations, such as accounts payable, wages payable, or accrued liabilities, that are expected to be settled in the near future, typically one year or less.
Current ratio A liquidity ratio calculated as current assets divided by current liabilities.
Current yield The sum of the coupon payments received over the year divided by the flat price; also called the income or interest yield or running yield. Curve duration The sensitivity of the bond price (or the market value of a financial asset or liability) with respect to a benchmark yield curve.
Customs union Extends the free trade area (FTA) by not only allowing free movement of goods and services among members, but also creating a common trade policy against nonmembers.
CVaR Conditional VaR, a tail loss measure. The weighted average of all loss outcomes in the statistical distribution that exceed the VaR loss.
Cyclical See cyclical companies. Cyclical companies Companies with sales and profits that regularly expand and contract with the business cycle or state of economy.
Daily settlement See mark to market and marking to market.
Dark pools Alternative trading systems that do not display the orders that their clients send to them. Data mining The practice of determining a model by extensive searching through a dataset for statistically significant patterns. Also called data snooping. Data science An interdisciplinary field that brings computer science, statistics, and other disciplines together to analyze and produce insights from Big Data.
Data snooping See data mining.
Day order An order that is good for the day on which it is submitted. If it has not been filled by the close of business, the order expires unfilled. Day’s sales outstanding Estimate of the average number of days it takes to collect on credit accounts.
Days in receivables Estimate of the average number of days it takes to collect on credit accounts.
Days of inventory on hand An activity ratio equal to the number of days in the period divided by inventory turnover over the period.
Dealers A financial intermediary that acts as a principal in trades.
Dealing securities Securities held by banks or other financial intermediaries for trading purposes.
Death cross A technical analysis term that describes a situation where a short- term moving average crosses from above a longer- term moving average to below it; this movement is considered bearish.
Debentures Type of bond that can be secured or unsecured.
Debt incurrence test A financial covenant made in conjunction with existing debt that restricts a company’s ability to incur additional debt at the same seniority based on one or more financial tests or conditions.
Debt- rating approach A method for estimating a company’s before-tax cost of debt based upon the yield on comparably rated bonds for maturities that closely match that of the company’s existing debt.
Debt- to- assets ratio A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total assets.
Debt- to- capital ratio A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total debt plus total shareholders’ equity.
Debt- to-equity ratio A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total shareholders’ equity.
Declaration date The day that the corporation issues a statement declaring a specific dividend.
Decreasing returns to scale When a production process leads to increases in output that are proportionately smaller than the increase in inputs.
Deductible temporary differences Temporary differences that result in a reduction of or deduction from taxable income in a future period when the balance sheet item is recovered or settled.
Deep learning Machine learning using neural networks with many hidden layers. Deep learning nets Machine learning using neural networks with many hidden layers. Default probability The probability that a borrower defaults or fails to meet its obligation to make full and timely payments of principal and interest, according to the terms of the debt security. Also called default risk. Default risk The probability that a borrower defaults or fails to meet its obligation to make full and timely payments of principal and interest, according to the terms of the debt security. Also called default probability.
Default risk premium An extra return that compensates investors for the possibility that the borrower will fail to make a promised payment at the contracted time and in the contracted amount.
Defensive companies Companies with sales and profits that have little sensitivity to the business cycle or state of the economy.
Defensive interval ratio A liquidity ratio that estimates the number of days that an entity could meet cash needs from liquid assets; calculated as (cash + short- term marketable investments + receivables) divided by daily cash expenditures.
Deferred coupon bond Bond that pays no coupons for its first few years but then pays a higher coupon than it otherwise normally would for the remainder of its life. Also called split coupon bond.
Deferred income A liability account for money that has been collected for goods or services that have not yet been delivered; payment received in advance of providing a good or service.
Deferred revenue A liability account for money that has been collected for goods or services that have not yet been delivered; payment received in advance of providing a good or service.
Deferred tax assets A balance sheet asset that arises when an excess amount is paid for income taxes relative to accounting profit. The taxable income is higher than accounting profit and income tax payable exceeds tax expense. The company expects to recover the difference during the course of future operations when tax expense exceeds income tax payable.
Deferred tax liabilities A balance sheet liability that arises when a deficit amount is paid for income taxes relative to accounting profit. The taxable income is less than the accounting profit and income tax payable is less than tax expense. The company expects to eliminate the liability over the course of future operations when income tax payable exceeds tax expense. Defined benefit pension plans Plans in which the company promises to pay a certain annual amount (defined benefit) to the employee after retirement. The company bears the investment risk of the plan assets.
Defined contribution pension plans Individual accounts to which an employee and typically the employer makes contributions during their working years and expect to draw on the accumulated funds at retirement. The employee bears the investment and inflation risk of the plan assets. Deflation Negative inflation.
Degree of confidence The probability that a confidence interval includes the unknown population parameter.
Degree of financial leverage (DFL) The ratio of the percentage change in net income to the percentage change in operating income; the sensitivity of the cash flows available to owners when operating income changes.
Degree of operating leverage (DOL) The ratio of the percentage change in operating income to the percentage change in units sold; the sensitivity of operating income to changes in units sold.
Degree of total leverage The ratio of the percentage change in net income to the percentage change in units sold; the sensitivity of the cash flows to owners to changes in the number of units produced and sold.
Degrees of freedom (df) The number of independent observations used.
Delta The sensitivity of the derivative price to a small change in the value of the underlying asset. Demand curve Graph of the inverse demand function. A graph showing the demand relation, either the highest quantity willingly purchased at each price or the highest price willingly paid for each quantity. Demand function A relationship that expresses the quantity demanded of a good or service as a function of own- price and possibly other variables.
Demand- pull Type of inflation in which increasing demand raises prices generally, which then are reflected in a business’s costs as workers demand wage hikes to catch up with the rising cost of living.
Demand shock A typically unexpected disturbance to demand, such as an unexpected interruption in trade or transportation.
Dependent With reference to events, the property that the probability of one event occurring depends on (is related to) the occurrence of another event.
Depository bank A bank that raises funds from depositors and other investors and lends it to borrowers. Depository institutions Commercial banks, savings and loan banks, credit unions, and similar institutions that raise funds from depositors and other investors and lend it to borrowers.
Depository receipt A security that trades like an ordinary share on a local exchange and represents an economic interest in a foreign company. Depreciation The process of systematically allocating the cost of long- lived (tangible) assets to the periods during which the assets are expected to provide economic benefits.
Depression See contraction.
Derivative pricing rule A pricing rule used by crossing networks in which a price is taken (derived) from the price that is current in the asset’s primary market.
Derivatives A financial instrument whose value depends on the value of some underlying asset or factor (e.g., a stock price, an interest rate, or exchange rate).
Descriptive statistics The study of how data can be summarized effectively.
Development capital Minority equity investments in more mature companies that are seeking capital to expand or restructure operations, enter new markets, or finance major acquisitions.
Diffuse prior The assumption of equal prior probabilities.
Diffusion index Reflects the proportion of the index’s components that are moving in a pattern consistent with the overall index.
Diluted EPS The EPS that would result if all dilutive securities were converted into common shares. Diluted shares The number of shares that would be outstanding if all potentially dilutive claims on common shares (e.g., convertible debt, convertible preferred stock, and employee stock options) were exercised.
Diminishing balance method An accelerated depreciation method, i.e., one that allocates a relatively large proportion of the cost of an asset to the early years of the asset’s useful life.
Diminishing marginal productivity Describes a state in which each additional unit of input produces less output than previously.
Direct debit program An arrangement whereby a customer authorizes a debit to a demand account; typically used by companies to collect routine payments for services. Direct financing leases Under US GAAP, a type of finance lease, from a lessor perspective, where the present value of the lease payments (lease receivable) equals the carrying value of the leased asset. No selling profit is recognized at lease inception. The revenues earned by the lessor are financing in nature.
Direct format With reference to the cash flow statement, a format for the presentation of the statement in which cash flow from operating activities is shown as operating cash receipts less operating cash disbursements. Also called direct method.
Direct method See direct format.
Direct taxes Taxes levied directly on income, wealth, and corporate profits. Direct write- off method An approach to recognizing credit losses on customer receivables in which the company waits until such time as a customer has defaulted and only then recognizes the loss.
Disbursement float The amount of time between check issuance and a check’s clearing back against the company’s account.
Discount To reduce the value of a future payment in allowance for how far away it is in time; to calculate the present value of some future amount. Also, the amount by which an instrument is priced below its face (par) value.
Discount interest A procedure for determining the interest on a loan or bond in which the interest is deducted from the face value in advance.
Discount margin See required margin.
Discount rates In general, the interest rate used to calculate a present value. In the money market, however, discount rate is a specific type of quoted rate. Discounted cash flow models Valuation models that estimate the intrinsic value of a security as the present value of the future benefits expected to be received from the security. Discounted payback period the number of years it takes for the cumulative discounted cash flows from a project to equal the original investment.
Discouraged worker A person who has stopped looking for a job or has given up seeking employment.
Discrete random variable A random variable that can take on at most a countable number of possible values.
Discriminatory pricing rule A pricing rule used in continuous markets in which the limit price of the order or quote that first arrived determines the trade price. Diseconomies of scale Increase in cost per unit resulting from increased production.
Dispersion The variability around the central tendency.
Display size The size of an order displayed to public view.
Distressed investing Investing in securities of companies in financial difficulty. Private equity funds that specialize in distressed investing typically buy the debt of mature companies in financial difficulty.
Distributed ledger A type of database that may be shared among entities in a network.
Distributed ledger technology Technology based on a distributed ledger.
Divergence In technical analysis, a term that describes the case when an indicator moves differently from the security being analyzed. Diversification ratio The ratio of the standard deviation of an equally weighted portfolio to the standard deviation of a randomly selected security. Dividend A distribution paid to shareholders based on the number of shares owned.
Dividend discount model (DDM) A present value model that estimates the intrinsic value of an equity share based on the present value of its expected future dividends.
Dividend discount model based approach An approach for estimating a country’s equity risk premium. The market rate of return is estimated as the sum of the dividend yield and the growth rate in dividends for a market index. Subtracting the risk-free rate of return from the estimated market return produces an estimate for the equity risk premium.
Dividend payout ratio The ratio of cash dividends paid to earnings for a period.
Divisor A number (denominator) used to determine the value of a price return index. It is initially chosen at the inception of an index and subsequently adjusted by the index provider, as necessary, to avoid changes in the index value that are unrelated to changes in the prices of its constituent securities.
Domestic content provisions Stipulate that some percentage of the value added or components used in production should be of domestic origin.
Double bottoms In technical analysis, a reversal pattern that is formed when the price reaches a low, rebounds, and then sells off back to the first low level; used to predict a change from a downtrend to an uptrend.
Double coincidence of wants A prerequisite to barter trades, in particular that both economic agents in the transaction want what the other is selling. Double declining balance depreciation An accelerated depreciation method that involves depreciating the asset at double the straight-line rate. This rate is multiplied by the book value of the asset at the beginning of the period (a declining balance) to calculate depreciation expense.
Double top In technical analysis, a reversal pattern that is formed when an uptrend reverses twice at roughly the same high price level; used to predict a change from an uptrend to a downtrend.
Down transition probability The probability that an asset’s value moves down in a model of asset price dynamics.
Downgrade risk The risk that a bond issuer’s creditworthiness deteriorates, or migrates lower, leading investors to believe the risk of default is higher. Also called credit migration risk.
Drag on liquidity When receipts lag, creating pressure from the decreased available funds.
Drawdown A percentage peak- to- trough reduction in net asset value. Dual- currency bonds Bonds that make coupon payments in one currency and pay the par value at maturity in another currency.
DuPont analysis An approach to decomposing return on investment, e.g., return on equity, as the product of other financial ratios.
Duration A measure of the approximate sensitivity of a security to a change in interest rates (i.e., a measure of interest rate risk).
Duration gap A bond’s Macaulay duration minus the investment horizon.
Dutch Book theorem A result in probability theory stating that inconsistent probabilities create profit opportunities. Early repayment option See prepayment option.
Earnings per share The amount of income earned during a period per share of common stock.
Earnings surprise The portion of a company’s earnings that is unanticipated by investors and, according to the efficient market hypothesis, merits a price adjustment.
Economic costs All the remuneration needed to keep a productive resource in its current employment or to acquire the resource for productive use; the sum of total accounting costs and implicit opportunity costs.
Economic indicator A variable that provides information on the state of the overall economy.
Economic loss The amount by which accounting profit is less than normal profit.
Economic order quantity–reorder point (EOQ–ROP) An approach to managing inventory based on expected demand and the predictability of demand; the ordering point for new inventory is determined based on the costs of ordering and carrying inventory, such that the total cost associated with inventory is minimized. Economic profit Equal to accounting profit less the implicit opportunity costs not included in total accounting costs; the difference between total revenue (TR) and total cost (TC). Also called abnormal profit or supernormal profit.
Economic stabilization Reduction of the magnitude of economic fluctuations.
Economic union Incorporates all aspects of a common market and in addition requires common economic institutions and coordination of economic policies among members.
Economies of scale Reduction in cost per unit resulting from increased production. Effective annual rate The amount by which a unit of currency will grow in a year with interest on interest included.
Effective convexity A curve convexity statistic that measures the secondary effect of a change in a benchmark yield curve on a bond’s price.
Effective duration The sensitivity of a bond’s price to a change in a benchmark yield curve.
Effective interest rate The borrowing rate or market rate that a company incurs at the time of issu

[RisingOrange]

Creating the mind map didn't work in your case because there were no cards with the tag "Glossary". The add-on needs tags to work. The add-on takes this:

And turns that into this:

So you can make a mind map from your deck, but how it will look depends on tags. Nested tags like CFA::Capital_Budgeting often help to make the mind map look better.

I found a CFA level 1 deck on AnkiWeb that had tags so you could use this if you want https://ankiweb.net/shared/info/453127574

This is for example the result I got from choosing CFA::Capital_Budgeting as the center (using the "include notes" option):

I hope this helps

[envoy221b]

Thankyou much for your help, I am entirely new to ANKI and hence I hope you can excuse my limited knowledge of the operations. I have followed what you said, however, it now states that graphviz is not installed to PATH and I have no idea how to rectify it. I tried google and read some forums to try and find a solution, but alas to no avail. Thankyou so much for your help once again.

On Sat, May 8, 2021 at 4:56 AM RisingOrange @.***> wrote:

Creating the mind map didn't work in your case because there were no cards with the tag "Glossary". The add-on needs tags to work. The add-on takes this:

https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/31575114/117514921-4d7da580-af95-11eb-948f-ffef1f2becdc.png And turns that into this:

https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/31575114/117515113-9e8d9980-af95-11eb-8536-1c7ca5fbd5da.png So you can make a mind map from your deck, but how it will look depends on tags. Nested tags like CFA::Capital_Budgeting often help to make the mind map look better.

I found a CFA level 1 deck on AnkiWeb that had tags https://ankiweb.net/shared/info/453127574

https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/31575114/117515900-ddbcea00-af97-11eb-97a7-5eb6d37195a4.png

— You are receiving this because you authored the thread. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub https://github.com/RisingOrange/anki-mindmap/issues/4#issuecomment-834857937, or unsubscribe https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AT6TUGOQAVK3BHNFILEBJALTMRZIRANCNFSM44EPOXHA .

[RisingOrange]

No problem. To install graphviz on Mac Os follow these steps:

First you need to install homebrew (https://brew.sh/) if you don't have it yet. To do this, open the terminal, paste the line below and press enter: /bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

Then tell homebrew to install graphviz by pasting this into the terminal: brew install graphviz

This might be enough to make it work, but if it isn't run this in the terminal: brew --prefix graphviz

This will give you the path to a file named "dot", for example "opt/homebrew/bin/dot" Copy this path by selecting the text using your mouse and pressing ctrl+c. Then go to Anki and tell it about the location of the file named "dot" by following the steps shown in the video. Note that the path to the file might be different in your case. https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/31575114/117533363-aa587a80-afec-11eb-9b24-2ee58c837cde.mp4

Feel free to ask questions if something is unclear.

[envoy221b]

I cannot find the dot file, I just have this path and I tried copying it to anki and got this error.

An error occurred. Please start Anki while holding down the shift key, which will temporarily disable the add-ons you have installed.

If the issue only occurs when add-ons are enabled, please use the Tools > Add-ons menu item to disable some add-ons and restart Anki, repeating until you discover the add-on that is causing the problem.

When you've discovered the add-on that is causing the problem, please report the issue on the add-on support site https://help.ankiweb.net/discussions/add-ons/.

Debug info:

Anki 2.1.43 (0fbae6bc) Python 3.8.6 Qt 5.14.2 PyQt 5.14.2

Platform: Mac 10.14.6

Flags: frz=True ao=True sv=2

Add-ons, last update check: 2021-05-08 13:36:37

Add-ons possibly involved: ⁨Mindmap from tag hierarchy⁩

Caught exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap_creator_dialog.py", line 81, in _on_show_button_click

self._save_mindmap_to_file(f.name)

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap_creator_dialog.py", line 134, in _save_mindmap_to_file

raise e

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap_creator_dialog.py", line 120, in _save_mindmap_to_file

mindmap.save_as_img(

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap.py", line 41, in save_as_img

raise e

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap.py", line 30, in save_as_img

create_mindmap_img(

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/_vendor/brain_dump/graphviz.py", line 112, in create_mindmap_img

pygraph.write_svg(output_file_path, prog=pydot_program, encoding='utf-8')

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/_vendor/pydot/pydot.py", line 1603, in new_method

self.write(

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/_vendor/pydot/pydot.py", line 1685, in write

s = self.create(prog, format, encoding=encoding)

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/_vendor/pydot/pydot.py", line 1779, in create

stdout_data, stderr_data, process = call_graphviz(

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/_vendor/pydot/pydot.py", line 123, in call_graphviz

process = subprocess.Popen(

File "subprocess.py", line 854, in init

File "subprocess.py", line 1702, in _execute_child

PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: '/usr/local/opt/graphviz'

On Sat, May 8, 2021 at 2:53 PM RisingOrange @.***> wrote:

No problem. To install graphviz on Mac Os follow these steps:

First you need to install homebrew (https://brew.sh/) if you don't have it yet. To do this, open the terminal, paste the line below and press enter: /bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

Then tell homebrew to install graphviz by pasting this into the terminal: brew install graphviz

This might be enough to make it work, but if it isn't run this in the terminal: brew --prefix graphviz

This will give you the path to a file named "dot", for example "opt/homebrew/bin/dot" Copy this path by selecting the text using your mouse and pressing ctrl+c. Then go to Anki and tell it about the location of the file named "dot" by following the steps shown in the video. Note that the path to the file might be different in your case.

https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/31575114/117533363-aa587a80-afec-11eb-9b24-2ee58c837cde.mp4

Feel free to ask questions if something is unclear.

— You are receiving this because you authored the thread. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub https://github.com/RisingOrange/anki-mindmap/issues/4#issuecomment-835239408, or unsubscribe https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AT6TUGJREDOE43I67UMZUWTTMT7K3ANCNFSM44EPOXHA .

[envoy221b]

Hello! It finally worked out! I tried to find the dot file and copied that PATH to ANKI to configure it! Thankyou so very much for your help! This is an absolutely incredible addon and I cannot thank you enough for this! Thankyou so much for your patience to me out throughout! It really means a lot!!! This is absolutely incredible!

On Sat, May 8, 2021 at 4:15 PM anshika verma @.***> wrote:

I cannot find the dot file, I just have this path and I tried copying it to anki and got this error.

An error occurred. Please start Anki while holding down the shift key, which will temporarily disable the add-ons you have installed.

If the issue only occurs when add-ons are enabled, please use the Tools > Add-ons menu item to disable some add-ons and restart Anki, repeating until you discover the add-on that is causing the problem.

When you've discovered the add-on that is causing the problem, please report the issue on the add-on support site https://help.ankiweb.net/discussions/add-ons/.

Debug info:

Anki 2.1.43 (0fbae6bc) Python 3.8.6 Qt 5.14.2 PyQt 5.14.2

Platform: Mac 10.14.6

Flags: frz=True ao=True sv=2

Add-ons, last update check: 2021-05-08 13:36:37

Add-ons possibly involved: ⁨Mindmap from tag hierarchy⁩

Caught exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap_creator_dialog.py", line 81, in _on_show_button_click

self._save_mindmap_to_file(f.name)

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap_creator_dialog.py", line 134, in _save_mindmap_to_file

raise e

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap_creator_dialog.py", line 120, in _save_mindmap_to_file

mindmap.save_as_img(

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap.py", line 41, in save_as_img

raise e

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/mindmap.py", line 30, in save_as_img

create_mindmap_img(

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/_vendor/brain_dump/graphviz.py", line 112, in create_mindmap_img

pygraph.write_svg(output_file_path, prog=pydot_program, encoding='utf-8')

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/_vendor/pydot/pydot.py", line 1603, in new_method

self.write(

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/_vendor/pydot/pydot.py", line 1685, in write

s = self.create(prog, format, encoding=encoding)

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/_vendor/pydot/pydot.py", line 1779, in create

stdout_data, stderr_data, process = call_graphviz(

File "/Users/anshika/Library/Application Support/Anki2/addons21/965278890/_vendor/pydot/pydot.py", line 123, in call_graphviz

process = subprocess.Popen(

File "subprocess.py", line 854, in init

File "subprocess.py", line 1702, in _execute_child

PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: '/usr/local/opt/graphviz'

On Sat, May 8, 2021 at 2:53 PM RisingOrange @.***> wrote:

No problem. To install graphviz on Mac Os follow these steps:

First you need to install homebrew (https://brew.sh/) if you don't have it yet. To do this, open the terminal, paste the line below and press enter: /bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

Then tell homebrew to install graphviz by pasting this into the terminal: brew install graphviz

This might be enough to make it work, but if it isn't run this in the terminal: brew --prefix graphviz

This will give you the path to a file named "dot", for example "opt/homebrew/bin/dot" Copy this path by selecting the text using your mouse and pressing ctrl+c. Then go to Anki and tell it about the location of the file named "dot" by following the steps shown in the video. Note that the path to the file might be different in your case.

https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/31575114/117533363-aa587a80-afec-11eb-9b24-2ee58c837cde.mp4

Feel free to ask questions if something is unclear.

— You are receiving this because you authored the thread. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub https://github.com/RisingOrange/anki-mindmap/issues/4#issuecomment-835239408, or unsubscribe https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AT6TUGJREDOE43I67UMZUWTTMT7K3ANCNFSM44EPOXHA .

[RisingOrange]

I'm glad you like it. ^^

[sleepyboi420]

Hello! It finally worked out! I tried to find the dot file and copied that PATH to ANKI to configure it! Thankyou so very much for your help! This is an absolutely incredible addon and I cannot thank you enough for this! Thankyou so much for your patience to me out throughout! It really means a lot!!! This is absolutely incredible! …

excuse me what did you do to solve the problem with the "permission denied"?