[ci] Config changes for Noble support

[jwnimmer-tri]

Changes to pre-merge:

• [x] Replace linux-jammy-clang-bazel-experimental-release with the noble flavor instead
• [x] Replace linux-jammy-gcc-bazel-experimental-release with the noble flavor instead

Changes to Continuous Production:

• [x] Replace linux-jammy-clang-bazel-continuous-release with the noble flavor instead (concurrently with pre-merge change, to keep them aligned)
• [x] Replace linux-jammy-gcc-bazel-continuous-release with the noble flavor instead (concurrently with pre-merge change, to keep them aligned)

Changes to Nightly Production:

• [x] Add linux-noble-clang-bazel-nightly-release
• [x] Add linux-noble-gcc-bazel-nightly-everything-debug
• [x] Add linux-noble-gcc-cmake-nightly-everything-release
• [x] Add linux-noble-unprovisioned-gcc-cmake-nightly-packaging

Changes to Weekly Production:

• None. (I hope to purge "Weekly" as a concept soonish.)

Change to Staging:

• [x] Add linux-noble-unprovisioned-gcc-cmake-staging-packaging

As usual, everything in Production should have an Experimental twin if it doesn't already, and it's fine to have larger matrix of Experimental jobs than we cover in Production.

[jwnimmer-tri]

FYI @BetsyMcPhail I just cross-checked the above; no changes.

[BetsyMcPhail]

Noble jobs have not been automatically added to https://github.com/RobotLocomotion/drake/tree/jenkins-jobs-experimental, need to investigate before closing this issue

[BetsyMcPhail]

@jwnimmer-tri was linux-noble-clang-bazel-nightly-release intended to be the everything version?

[jwnimmer-tri]

Interesting. Right now, it duplicates the Continuous job, doesn't it? I'm not sure what I was thinking. So yes, let's use Everything for the nightly one.

[BetsyMcPhail]

Once Continuous/Nightly jobs were added, the corresponding experimental jobs were added to https://github.com/RobotLocomotion/drake/tree/jenkins-jobs-experimental, as expected.

[BetsyMcPhail]

Only remaining item for this issue is to make the pre-merge jobs required.

[jwnimmer-tri]

Pre-merge branch protections has been updated (added the two noble jobs).