All terrestrial terms within targets also updated correspondingly - when doing this, mangrove$ has been retained in all (previously was only used in NOT marine combinations - now is also used when AND terrestrial is used.
Target 15.1
Clarified the interpretation and delineation between phrases.
Phrase 1: Added restor* as a protection term
Phrase 2: Added restor* as a protection term
Phrase 3: Combined diversity where ecosystem is combined - thus it is now not only NEAR ecolog* OR... but also with *forest OR jungle.... Added taxonom* as a term here. Added nature conservation as an ecosystem term.
Phrase 4: Major structural changes. Re-organised so that it is now a) specific terms for sustainable management of ecosystems, b) general terms for sustainable management combined with ecosystem terms. biodiversity must be used with "sustainable management/use" etc. Added extra terms for management/use, "policies" OR "policy" OR "approach*" OR "strateg*". Removed KBA$ as it only added noise.
Phrase 5: Added the "Ramsar convention"
Target 15.2
Phrase 1: Added "strateg*" OR "approach*" as terms for policy/frameworks etc.
Phrase 2: Removed redundant lines ("*forest*" NEAR/3 ("loss" OR "degrad*")) OR ("forest area" NEAR/3 "lost"). Added *forest* as another term combined with "REDD"
Phrase 3: Removed redundant line ("restore" OR "restoration" OR "rehabilitat*"). Changed "afforestr*" OR "reforestr*" to "afforest*" OR "reforest*" to allow afforestation, reforestation
Target 15.3
Phrase 1: Changed truncation of expand to `expan` to allow expansion
Phrase 2: Changed truncation to allow droughts and flooding ("drought$" OR "flood*"). Added "land fertility" OR "soil productivity" OR "soil quality" as soil terms. Removed "degrad*" NEAR/3 ("land$" OR "soil$")) OR (("erosion" OR "eroded") NEAR/5 ("land$" OR "soil$")) as these are redundant - covered by phrase 3.
Phrase 3: Removed the specific land types from the land soil terms, as their inclusion mostly resulted in things not about land or soil (e.g. loss of biodiversity in grasslands). Added land degradation as a land soil term, and expanded the NEAR to an AND(topic approach). groundwater now alone instead of combined with quality and level. Action approach: Added positive action terms from phrase 2 ("restor*" OR "rehabilita*" OR "improv*" OR "enhanc*" OR "strengthen*" OR "maintain*" OR "preserv*" OR "conserv*" OR "protect*")
Phrase 4: Changed the land productivity terms to only cover soil (few lost with land, and many about agricultural productivity rather than being about soil health), and added terms so that e.g. "soil conservation" will be found: now it is ("soil" NEAR/3 ("productivity" OR "fertility" OR "structure" OR "health" OR "protect*" OR "conserv*" OR "preserv*" OR "restor*" OR "rehabilita*")). Added action terms to the topic approach for the soil health terms - this is now more in line with phrase 4 being the opposite of phrase 3 (maintenance of soil health = prevention of land degradation; "protect*" OR "conserv*" OR "preserv*" OR "restor*" OR "rehabilita*" OR "promoting" OR "promote" OR "improv*" OR "enhanc*" OR "strengthen*" OR "maintain*" - for action approach narrower truncation is used (i.e. conserve instead of conserv*.
Target 15.4
Phrase 1: Truncated terms where possible to reduce terms, and added "rehabilitat": "manag*" OR "conserv*" OR "protect*" OR "restor*" OR "rehabilit*". topic approach: Moved protected area$ so that it is no longer combined with biodiversity terms. Added nature conservation as a ecosystem term.
Phrase 2: Added "policy" OR "policies" OR "strateg*" OR "approach*" to the sustainable use terms, and ecosystem approach to the sustainable terms
Both: Added montane as a term for mountains. Added "ecolog*" OR "taxonom*" to the diversity combination and merged it with the "community" NEAR expression.
Target 15.5
Clarified interpretation.
Phrase 2 & 3: Added "taxonom*" to the diversity terms
Phrase 3: Used microbiome$ instead of specifying types in the NOT phrase
Phrase 3, action approach: Removed duplicate action terms; Moved rehabilit* OR restor* so that they are not duplicated; Added rehabilitate to the stand-alone actions.
Phrase 3, Topic approach: truncated management, manage etc. to reduce number of terms ("manag*" OR "conserv*" OR "protect*" OR "restor*" OR "rehabilit*" OR "preserv*"). Moved "key biodiversity area$" OR "important sites for biodiversity" to stand alone. Added loss as a decrease term combined with biodiversity etc.
Phrase 4: Changed NEAR/15 to AND for "extinction" OR "going extinct" (but not loss - now combined with NEAR/5) so that more extinction works are found
Target 15.6
Clarified interpretation.
Phrase 1: Added biological diversity, (("genetic resource$" OR "bioresource$" OR "biological resource$") NOT ("human" OR "patient$" OR "clinical" OR "protein" OR "microbiology")) OR "gene resources" and selected terrestrial terms to the ecosystems/organisms/bioresources terms. action approach: Added "appropriation" OR "biopiracy" OR "biocolonial*" to the sharing/use terms. topic approach: Added "appropriation" OR "biopiracy" OR "biocolonial*" and "use$" OR "using" OR "utiliz*" OR "utilis*" OR "usage" as sharing/use terms. Split the sharing terms into those that can be combined with AND, and others with NEAR.
Phrase 2: Added "appropriation" OR "biopiracy" OR "biocolonial*" as sharing terms. Replaced (("monetary" OR "royalties") NEAR/3 ("benefit$" OR "compensat*")) with "just compensation" OR "fair compensation" as the former did not result in anything and was more complex. Removed traditional knowledge from this phrase, as nothing was linking it to ecological knowledge (addresses the comment "While testing the phrase, it was noticed that knowledge combined with local or traditional brings some irrelevant results about various fields (transport, business, education)."). Removed "use$" OR "using" OR "utiliz*" OR "utilis*" as better recall without (added to phrase 1 topic instead).
Target 15.7
Interpretation changed to include all species, not just protected/endangered etc. Reasoning: This was unclear already, and on experimentation, there are a lot of relevant works about illegal wildlife trade that don't use terminology around protected species.
All phrases: Removed ("protect*" OR "endanger*" OR "threat*" OR "extinct*" OR "vulnerable")
Phrase 1: Added NOT cell* OR *membrane* to the terrestrial terms, as "traffiking" without this leads to many results about e.g. traffiking through membranes in cells. Action approach: Added anti-poach* as an action term.
Phrase 2: Added "ivory" OR "import*" OR "export*" to the products/trade terms. Fixed typo in livelihood$.
Phrase 3: CITES + species/animals was changed to ("CITES" NOT ("article cites" OR "review cites" OR "author cites" OR "it cites" OR "work cites")) - the precision is slightly lower, but the recall is much better.
Target 15.9
Removed NEAR/5 ("Convention on Biological Diversity" OR "CBD") from NBSAP as unneccesary
Truncated NBSAP$ and "National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan$", and moved the latter to stand completely alone
Removed "development" OR "developing" as planning terms; Added regional development as a phrase. Added "urban" OR "settlement" OR "multilevel" OR "multi level" to the national/local terms
Added "taxonom*" to the diversity terms
Added "nature conservation" to the ecosystem values terms
Truncated conserv*, protect* and promot* where possible
Target 15.a
Added "rehabilit*", and truncated conservation etc. to "protect*" OR "conserv*"
Added "taxonom*" to the diversity combination under habitat/ecosystem terms
Added "nature conservation" and "ecosystem services" OR "ecosystem restoration" to the habitat/ecosystem terms
Target 15.b
Merged phrases 1 and 2, as the interpretation now covers conservation/reforestation for all countries, so now not necessary with a separate phrase. Major structural changes, including:
Added "payment$" to the financial terms
Moved "Certified forest$" OR "Forest under certification" OR "long-term management plan" to be alone (instead of combined with "sustainable" etc., as they already implicitly contain this element), edited truncation, and added "forest certification".
Added forestry to the sustainable management combo, and created a new combo for forest management: ("*forest*" NEAR/5 ("manag*" OR "govern*" OR "administrat*" OR "planning" OR "practice$" OR "policy" OR "policies")
Removed "plantation" from plant NEAR trees
Added "protected area$" OR "forest reserves" as conservation terms, Added "REDD plus" OR "REDD+"
Truncated "conserv*", and sustainab* rather than "sustainabl*"'
Target 15.c
Interpretation changed to include all species, not just protected/endangered etc. - reasoning: This was unclear already, and on experimentation, there are a lot of relevant works about illegal wildlife trade that don't use terminology around protected species. Also changed to focus on capacity/livelihoods, rather than all "combating poaching" - reasoning: Combating poaching is already covered by 15.7.
All phrases: Removed ("protect*" OR "endanger*" OR "threat*" OR "extinct*" OR "vulnerable")
Phrase 1: Adjusted the capacity terms, added a few extra, removed pure action terms to do with "stopping poaching" to match the new interpretation.
Edit SDG15
Terrestrial terms
lowland$,upland$(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_and_lowland),moorland$,steppe,heathland$jungle$mangrove$has been retained in all (previously was only used in NOT marine combinations - now is also used when AND terrestrial is used.Target 15.1
Clarified the interpretation and delineation between phrases.
restor*as a protection termrestor*as a protection termdiversitywhereecosystemis combined - thus it is now not onlyNEAR ecolog* OR...but also with*forest OR jungle.... Addedtaxonom*as a term here. Addednature conservationas an ecosystem term.biodiversitymust be used with "sustainable management/use" etc. Added extra terms for management/use,"policies" OR "policy" OR "approach*" OR "strateg*". RemovedKBA$as it only added noise."Ramsar convention"Target 15.2
"strateg*" OR "approach*"as terms for policy/frameworks etc."*forest*" NEAR/3 ("loss" OR "degrad*")) OR ("forest area" NEAR/3 "lost"). Added*forest*as another term combined with "REDD""restore" OR "restoration" OR "rehabilitat*"). Changed"afforestr*" OR "reforestr*"to"afforest*" OR "reforest*"to allow afforestation, reforestationTarget 15.3
"drought$" OR "flood*"). Added"land fertility" OR "soil productivity" OR "soil quality"as soil terms. Removed"degrad*" NEAR/3 ("land$" OR "soil$")) OR (("erosion" OR "eroded") NEAR/5 ("land$" OR "soil$"))as these are redundant - covered by phrase 3.land degradationas a land soil term, and expanded the NEAR to anAND(topic approach).groundwaternow alone instead of combined with quality and level. Action approach: Added positive action terms from phrase 2 ("restor*" OR "rehabilita*" OR "improv*" OR "enhanc*" OR "strengthen*" OR "maintain*" OR "preserv*" OR "conserv*" OR "protect*")("soil" NEAR/3 ("productivity" OR "fertility" OR "structure" OR "health" OR "protect*" OR "conserv*" OR "preserv*" OR "restor*" OR "rehabilita*")). Added action terms to the topic approach for the soil health terms - this is now more in line with phrase 4 being the opposite of phrase 3 (maintenance of soil health = prevention of land degradation;"protect*" OR "conserv*" OR "preserv*" OR "restor*" OR "rehabilita*" OR "promoting" OR "promote" OR "improv*" OR "enhanc*" OR "strengthen*" OR "maintain*"- for action approach narrower truncation is used (i.e.conserveinstead ofconserv*.Target 15.4
"manag*" OR "conserv*" OR "protect*" OR "restor*" OR "rehabilit*". topic approach: Movedprotected area$so that it is no longer combined with biodiversity terms. Addednature conservationas a ecosystem term."policy" OR "policies" OR "strateg*" OR "approach*"to the sustainable use terms, andecosystem approachto the sustainable termsmontaneas a term for mountains. Added"ecolog*" OR "taxonom*"to the diversity combination and merged it with the "community" NEAR expression.Target 15.5
Clarified interpretation.
"taxonom*"to the diversity termsmicrobiome$instead of specifying types in the NOT phraserehabilit* OR restor*so that they are not duplicated; Addedrehabilitateto the stand-alone actions."manag*" OR "conserv*" OR "protect*" OR "restor*" OR "rehabilit*" OR "preserv*"). Moved"key biodiversity area$" OR "important sites for biodiversity"to stand alone. Addedlossas a decrease term combined with biodiversity etc."extinction" OR "going extinct"(but notloss- now combined with NEAR/5) so that more extinction works are foundTarget 15.6
Clarified interpretation.
biological diversity,(("genetic resource$" OR "bioresource$" OR "biological resource$") NOT ("human" OR "patient$" OR "clinical" OR "protein" OR "microbiology")) OR "gene resources"and selected terrestrial terms to the ecosystems/organisms/bioresources terms. action approach: Added"appropriation" OR "biopiracy" OR "biocolonial*"to the sharing/use terms. topic approach: Added"appropriation" OR "biopiracy" OR "biocolonial*"and"use$" OR "using" OR "utiliz*" OR "utilis*" OR "usage"as sharing/use terms. Split the sharing terms into those that can be combined with AND, and others with NEAR."appropriation" OR "biopiracy" OR "biocolonial*"as sharing terms. Replaced(("monetary" OR "royalties") NEAR/3 ("benefit$" OR "compensat*"))with"just compensation" OR "fair compensation"as the former did not result in anything and was more complex. Removed traditional knowledge from this phrase, as nothing was linking it to ecological knowledge (addresses the comment "While testing the phrase, it was noticed thatknowledgecombined withlocalortraditionalbrings some irrelevant results about various fields (transport, business, education)."). Removed"use$" OR "using" OR "utiliz*" OR "utilis*"as better recall without (added to phrase 1 topic instead).Target 15.7
Interpretation changed to include all species, not just protected/endangered etc. Reasoning: This was unclear already, and on experimentation, there are a lot of relevant works about illegal wildlife trade that don't use terminology around protected species.
("protect*" OR "endanger*" OR "threat*" OR "extinct*" OR "vulnerable")cell* OR *membrane*to the terrestrial terms, as "traffiking" without this leads to many results about e.g. traffiking through membranes in cells. Action approach: Addedanti-poach*as an action term."ivory" OR "import*" OR "export*"to the products/trade terms. Fixed typo inlivelihood$.("CITES" NOT ("article cites" OR "review cites" OR "author cites" OR "it cites" OR "work cites"))- the precision is slightly lower, but the recall is much better.Target 15.9
NEAR/5 ("Convention on Biological Diversity" OR "CBD")fromNBSAPas unneccesaryNBSAP$and"National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan$", and moved the latter to stand completely alone"development" OR "developing"as planning terms; Addedregional developmentas a phrase. Added"urban" OR "settlement" OR "multilevel" OR "multi level"to the national/local terms"taxonom*"to the diversity terms"nature conservation"to the ecosystem values termsconserv*,protect*andpromot*where possibleTarget 15.a
"rehabilit*", and truncated conservation etc. to"protect*" OR "conserv*""taxonom*"to the diversity combination under habitat/ecosystem terms"nature conservation"and"ecosystem services" OR "ecosystem restoration"to the habitat/ecosystem termsTarget 15.b
Merged phrases 1 and 2, as the interpretation now covers conservation/reforestation for all countries, so now not necessary with a separate phrase. Major structural changes, including:
"payment$"to the financial terms"Certified forest$" OR "Forest under certification" OR "long-term management plan"to be alone (instead of combined with "sustainable" etc., as they already implicitly contain this element), edited truncation, and added"forest certification".forestryto the sustainable management combo, and created a new combo for forest management:("*forest*" NEAR/5 ("manag*" OR "govern*" OR "administrat*" OR "planning" OR "practice$" OR "policy" OR "policies")"protected area$" OR "forest reserves"as conservation terms, Added"REDD plus" OR "REDD+""conserv*", andsustainab*rather than "sustainabl*"'Target 15.c
Interpretation changed to include all species, not just protected/endangered etc. - reasoning: This was unclear already, and on experimentation, there are a lot of relevant works about illegal wildlife trade that don't use terminology around protected species. Also changed to focus on capacity/livelihoods, rather than all "combating poaching" - reasoning: Combating poaching is already covered by 15.7.
("protect*" OR "endanger*" OR "threat*" OR "extinct*" OR "vulnerable")