The general consensus is that increasing amounts of fine sediment decrease survival to emergence. Because the act of spawning likely cleans much of the fine sediment from gravel in redds, it is sediment deposited after eggs are laid that could decrease survival.
Two mechanisms have been proposed: (1) Fine sediment deposited in redds may impede the flow of oxygenated water through gravel in the egg pocket causing suffocation of eggs; (2) a layer of fine sediment deposited in redds may clog interstitial spaces and physically prevent emergence of fry.
Newer Research to Consider:
Bloomer Jack, Sear David and Kemp Paul 2019. Does variation in egg structure among five populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) influence their survival in low oxygen conditions? R. Soc. open sci.6181020181020 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181020
Pulg, U., Lennox, R.J., Stranzl, S. et al. Long-term effects and cost-benefit analysis of eight spawning gravel augmentations for Atlantic salmon and Brown trout in Norway. Hydrobiologia 849, 485–507 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04646-2
D.A. Sear, J.I. Jones, A.L. Collins, A. Hulin, N. Burke, S. Bateman, I. Pattison, P.S. Naden,
Does fine sediment source as well as quantity affect salmonid embryo mortality and development?, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 541, 2016, Pages 957-968, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.155.
Philip Roni, Christopher Johnson, Trenton De Boer, George Pess, Andrew Dittman, and David Sear. Interannual variability in the effects of physical habitat and parentage on Chinook salmon egg-to-fry survival. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 73(7): 1047-1059. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0372
Panthi, M., Lee, A.A., Dahal, S. et al. Effects of sediment flushing operations versus natural floods on Chinook salmon survival. Sci Rep 12, 15354 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19294-2
Iida, M., Imai, S. & Katayama, S. Effect of riverbed conditions on survival of planted eyed eggs in chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta . Fish Sci 83, 291–300 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-016-1052-2
Franssen Jan, Blais Catherine, Lapointe Michel, Bérubé Francis, Bergeron Normand, and Magnan Pierre. Asphyxiation and entombment mechanisms in fines rich spawning substrates: experimental evidence with brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) embryos. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 69(3): 587-599. https://doi.org/10.1139/f2011-168
Burke, Niamh (2011) Physical controls on salmon spawning habitat quality and embryo fitness: an integrated analysis. University of Southampton, School of Geography and Environment, Doctoral Thesis, 398pp.
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C. Soulsby, A.F. Youngson, H.J. Moir, I.A. Malcolm,
Fine sediment influence on salmonid spawning habitat in a lowland agricultural stream: a preliminary assessment, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 265, Issues 1–3,
2001, Pages 295-307, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00672-0.
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Wilber, Dara & Clarke, Douglas. (2001). Biological Effects of Suspended Sediments: A Review of Suspended Sediment Impacts on Fish and Shellfish With Relation to Dredging Activities in Estuaries. North American Journal of Fisheries Management - NORTH AM J FISH MANAGE. 21. 855-875. DOI:10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0855:BEOSSA>2.0.CO;2
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J. C. Scrivener and M. J. Brownlee. Effects of Forest Harvesting on Spawning Gravel and Incubation Survival of Chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and Coho Salmon (O. kisutch) in Carnation Creek, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 46(4): 681-696. https://doi.org/10.1139/f89-087
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Summary of literature on the effects of sediment on salmon from circa 2004. Life stage and lethal/sublethal not distinguished with fields.
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The general consensus is that increasing amounts of fine sediment decrease survival to emergence. Because the act of spawning likely cleans much of the fine sediment from gravel in redds, it is sediment deposited after eggs are laid that could decrease survival.
Two mechanisms have been proposed: (1) Fine sediment deposited in redds may impede the flow of oxygenated water through gravel in the egg pocket causing suffocation of eggs; (2) a layer of fine sediment deposited in redds may clog interstitial spaces and physically prevent emergence of fry.
Newer Research to Consider:
Bloomer Jack, Sear David and Kemp Paul 2019. Does variation in egg structure among five populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) influence their survival in low oxygen conditions? R. Soc. open sci.6181020181020 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181020
Pulg, U., Lennox, R.J., Stranzl, S. et al. Long-term effects and cost-benefit analysis of eight spawning gravel augmentations for Atlantic salmon and Brown trout in Norway. Hydrobiologia 849, 485–507 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04646-2
D.A. Sear, J.I. Jones, A.L. Collins, A. Hulin, N. Burke, S. Bateman, I. Pattison, P.S. Naden, Does fine sediment source as well as quantity affect salmonid embryo mortality and development?, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 541, 2016, Pages 957-968, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.155.
Philip Roni, Christopher Johnson, Trenton De Boer, George Pess, Andrew Dittman, and David Sear. Interannual variability in the effects of physical habitat and parentage on Chinook salmon egg-to-fry survival. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 73(7): 1047-1059. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0372
Panthi, M., Lee, A.A., Dahal, S. et al. Effects of sediment flushing operations versus natural floods on Chinook salmon survival. Sci Rep 12, 15354 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19294-2
Iida, M., Imai, S. & Katayama, S. Effect of riverbed conditions on survival of planted eyed eggs in chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta . Fish Sci 83, 291–300 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-016-1052-2
Franssen Jan, Blais Catherine, Lapointe Michel, Bérubé Francis, Bergeron Normand, and Magnan Pierre. Asphyxiation and entombment mechanisms in fines rich spawning substrates: experimental evidence with brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) embryos. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 69(3): 587-599. https://doi.org/10.1139/f2011-168
Burke, Niamh (2011) Physical controls on salmon spawning habitat quality and embryo fitness: an integrated analysis. University of Southampton, School of Geography and Environment, Doctoral Thesis, 398pp.
Gregory, R.S., Levings, C.D. The effects of turbidity and vegetation on the risk of juvenile salmonids, Oncorhynchus spp., to predation by adult cutthroat trout, O. clarkii . Environ Biol Fish 47, 279–288 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00000500
C. Soulsby, A.F. Youngson, H.J. Moir, I.A. Malcolm, Fine sediment influence on salmonid spawning habitat in a lowland agricultural stream: a preliminary assessment, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 265, Issues 1–3, 2001, Pages 295-307, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00672-0.
Malcolm, I. A., Youngson, A., & Soulsby, C. (2003). Survival of salmonid eggs in a degraded gravel bed stream: the role of groundwater – surface water interactions. River Research and Applications, 19(4), 303-316. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.706
Wilber, Dara & Clarke, Douglas. (2001). Biological Effects of Suspended Sediments: A Review of Suspended Sediment Impacts on Fish and Shellfish With Relation to Dredging Activities in Estuaries. North American Journal of Fisheries Management - NORTH AM J FISH MANAGE. 21. 855-875. DOI:10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0855:BEOSSA>2.0.CO;2
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J. C. Scrivener and M. J. Brownlee. Effects of Forest Harvesting on Spawning Gravel and Incubation Survival of Chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and Coho Salmon (O. kisutch) in Carnation Creek, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 46(4): 681-696. https://doi.org/10.1139/f89-087
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Summary of literature on the effects of sediment on salmon from circa 2004. Life stage and lethal/sublethal not distinguished with fields.
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