np.float32 type for `central_longitude` results in empty map for projection Mercator

[kthyng]

Description

Type of float for central_longitude as an input to the Mercator projection results in a map, but type of np.float32 results in an empty map (whose range in x is essentially 0).

Code to reproduce

import cartopy
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

central_longitude = float(-151.45528)

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 7), dpi=100)
ax = fig.add_axes([0.06, 0.01, 0.93, 0.95], projection=cartopy.crs.Mercator(central_longitude=central_longitude))
ax.coastlines(resolution='110m')

results in

central_longitude = np.float32(-151.45528)

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 7), dpi=100)
ax = fig.add_axes([0.06, 0.01, 0.93, 0.95], projection=cartopy.crs.Mercator(central_longitude=central_longitude))
ax.coastlines(resolution='110m')

results in an empty space.

Full environment definition

### Operating system MacOS ### Cartopy version 0.19.0.post1 ### conda list ``` # packages in environment at /Users/kthyng/miniconda3/envs/ocean-model-skill-assessor: # # Name Version Build Channel aiohttp 3.8.1 py39h63b48b0_1 conda-forge aiosignal 1.2.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge alabaster 0.7.12 py_0 conda-forge anyio 3.6.1 py39h6e9494a_0 conda-forge appdirs 1.4.4 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge appnope 0.1.3 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge argon2-cffi 21.3.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge argon2-cffi-bindings 21.2.0 py39h63b48b0_2 conda-forge asciitree 0.3.3 pypi_0 pypi astroid 2.7.2 py39h6e9494a_0 conda-forge asttokens 2.0.5 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge async-timeout 4.0.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge attrs 22.1.0 pyh71513ae_1 conda-forge babel 2.10.3 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge backcall 0.2.0 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge backports 1.0 py_2 conda-forge backports.functools_lru_cache 1.6.4 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge beautifulsoup4 4.11.1 pyha770c72_0 conda-forge black 22.6.0 py39h6e9494a_2 conda-forge bleach 5.0.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge bokeh 2.4.3 py39h6e9494a_0 conda-forge brotli 1.0.9 h5eb16cf_7 conda-forge brotli-bin 1.0.9 h5eb16cf_7 conda-forge brotlipy 0.7.0 py39h63b48b0_1004 conda-forge bzip2 1.0.8 h0d85af4_4 conda-forge c-ares 1.18.1 h0d85af4_0 conda-forge ca-certificates 2022.6.15 h033912b_0 conda-forge cached-property 1.5.2 hd8ed1ab_1 conda-forge cached_property 1.5.2 pyha770c72_1 conda-forge cartopy 0.19.0.post1 py39hada9a11_0 conda-forge certifi 2022.6.15 py39h6e9494a_0 conda-forge cf_xarray 0.7.4 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge cffi 1.15.1 py39hae9ecf2_0 conda-forge cfgv 3.3.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge cftime 1.6.1 py39h15b18c7_0 conda-forge charset-normalizer 2.1.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge check-manifest 0.46 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge click 8.1.3 py39h6e9494a_0 conda-forge cloudpickle 2.1.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge cmarkgfm 0.8.0 py39h63b48b0_1 conda-forge cmocean 2.0 py_3 conda-forge colorama 0.4.5 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge colorspacious 1.1.2 pyh24bf2e0_0 conda-forge conda 4.13.0 py39h6e9494a_1 conda-forge conda-package-handling 1.8.1 py39h63b48b0_1 conda-forge coverage 6.4.3 py39h6218fd2_0 conda-forge cryptography 37.0.4 py39h9c2a9ce_0 conda-forge curl 7.83.1 h372c54d_0 conda-forge cycler 0.11.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge cytoolz 0.12.0 py39h701faf5_0 conda-forge dask 2021.7.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge dask-core 2021.7.0 pyhd3eb1b0_0 debugpy 1.6.0 py39hfd1d529_0 conda-forge decorator 5.1.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge defusedxml 0.7.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge distlib 0.3.5 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge distributed 2021.7.0 py39hecd8cb5_0 doctr 1.9.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge docutils 0.17.1 py39h6e9494a_0 conda-forge entrypoints 0.4 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge erddapy 1.0.0 pypi_0 pypi execnet 1.9.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge executing 0.9.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge extract_model 0.7 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge fasteners 0.16.3 pypi_0 pypi filelock 3.7.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge flake8 3.9.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge flake8-builtins 1.5.3 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge 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conda-forge toml 0.10.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge tomli 2.0.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge toolz 0.12.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge tornado 6.2 py39h701faf5_0 conda-forge tqdm 4.64.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge traitlets 5.3.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge twine 3.4.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge typing-extensions 4.3.0 hd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge typing_extensions 4.3.0 pyha770c72_0 conda-forge tzdata 2022a h191b570_0 conda-forge ukkonen 1.0.1 py39h7248d28_2 conda-forge unicodedata2 14.0.0 py39h63b48b0_1 conda-forge urllib3 1.26.11 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge virtualenv 20.16.3 py39h6e9494a_0 conda-forge wcwidth 0.2.5 pyh9f0ad1d_2 conda-forge webencodings 0.5.1 py_1 conda-forge websocket-client 1.3.3 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge wheel 0.37.0 pyhd8ed1ab_1 conda-forge widgetsnbextension 3.6.1 pyha770c72_0 conda-forge wrapt 1.12.1 py39h89e85a6_3 conda-forge xarray 2022.6.0 pyhd8ed1ab_1 conda-forge xcmocean 0.2.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge xoak 0.1.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge xorg-libxau 1.0.9 h35c211d_0 conda-forge xorg-libxdmcp 1.1.3 h35c211d_0 conda-forge xz 5.2.5 haf1e3a3_1 conda-forge yaml 0.2.5 h0d85af4_2 conda-forge yaml-cpp 0.7.0 hb486fe8_1 conda-forge yarl 1.7.2 py39h63b48b0_2 conda-forge zarr 2.8.3 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge zeromq 4.3.4 he49afe7_1 conda-forge zict 2.2.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge zipp 3.8.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge zlib 1.2.12 hfe4f2af_2 conda-forge zstd 1.5.2 ha9df2e0_3 conda-forge ``` ### pip list ``` Package Version Location ----------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- aiohttp 3.8.1 aiosignal 1.2.0 alabaster 0.7.12 anyio 3.6.1 appdirs 1.4.4 appnope 0.1.3 argon2-cffi 21.3.0 argon2-cffi-bindings 21.2.0 asciitree 0.3.3 astroid 2.7.2 asttokens 2.0.5 async-timeout 4.0.2 attrs 22.1.0 Babel 2.10.3 backcall 0.2.0 backports.functools-lru-cache 1.6.4 beautifulsoup4 4.11.1 black 22.6.0 bleach 5.0.1 bokeh 2.4.3 brotlipy 0.7.0 build 0.8.0 cached-property 1.5.2 Cartopy 0.19.0.post1 certifi 2022.6.15 cf-xarray 0.7.4 cffi 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[QuLogic]

This has to do with Proj 5 (#1124 and #1148). Long ago, I started looking at this and writing tests for everything, but never figured out the best way to fix it. Probably casting to float on input would do, but then tests break because of string comparisons. The issue effectively is that we add a small epsilon to avoid Proj doing wrapping, but for float32, that epsilon is so small it rounds to 0.

[kthyng]

@QuLogic Thanks for explaining it to me. I understand it's a more complicated issue now — hopefully someone googling in the future can find this and realize what their issue is if it comes up. Feel free to close it if you want.