Upgrade Laravel to version 11.x

[Sebbo94BY]

• Upgrades Laravel from version 10.x to 11.x
• Upgrades all dependencies respectively
• Updates the README and application requirements as Laravel 11.x only supports PHP 8.2 and newer
• Migrates various configuration files to their new schemas / requirements
• Migrates Laravel casts from a property to a method
• Updates the GitHub actions to use the supported PHP versions 8.2 and newer

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests :white_check_mark:

Project coverage is 68.71%. Comparing base (bc7fd97) to head (6d9665a).

Additional details and impacted files

```diff @@ Coverage Diff @@ ## main #328 +/- ## ============================================ + Coverage 68.40% 68.71% +0.31% - Complexity 539 558 +19 ============================================ Files 92 96 +4 Lines 2162 2209 +47 ============================================ + Hits 1479 1518 +39 - Misses 683 691 +8 ```

:umbrella: View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
:loudspeaker: Have feedback on the report? Share it here.