[Feature] Support drop partitions with common expressions

[LiShuMing]

Why I'm doing:

What I'm doing:

Fixes https://github.com/StarRocks/starrocks/issues/53117

What type of PR is this:

• [ ] BugFix
• [x] Feature
• [ ] Enhancement
• [ ] Refactor
• [ ] UT
• [ ] Doc
• [ ] Tool

Does this PR entail a change in behavior?

• [ ] Yes, this PR will result in a change in behavior.
• [x] No, this PR will not result in a change in behavior.

If yes, please specify the type of change:

• [ ] Interface/UI changes: syntax, type conversion, expression evaluation, display information
• [ ] Parameter changes: default values, similar parameters but with different default values
• [ ] Policy changes: use new policy to replace old one, functionality automatically enabled
• [ ] Feature removed
• [ ] Miscellaneous: upgrade & downgrade compatibility, etc.

Checklist:

• [x] I have added test cases for my bug fix or my new feature
• [ ] This pr needs user documentation (for new or modified features or behaviors)
  • [ ] I have added documentation for my new feature or new function
• [ ] This is a backport pr

Bugfix cherry-pick branch check:

• [x] I have checked the version labels which the pr will be auto-backported to the target branch
  • [ ] 3.4
  • [ ] 3.3
  • [ ] 3.2
  • [ ] 3.1
  • [ ] 3.0

[sonarcloud[bot]]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
37 New issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
0.0% Coverage on New Code
0.0% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarQube Cloud

[github-actions[bot]]

[Java-Extensions Incremental Coverage Report]

:white_check_mark: pass : 0 / 0 (0%)

[github-actions[bot]]

[FE Incremental Coverage Report]

:white_check_mark: pass : 141 / 148 (95.27%)

file detail

	path	covered_line	new_line	coverage	not_covered_line_detail
:large_blue_circle:	com/starrocks/sql/analyzer/AlterTableClauseAnalyzer.java	11	13	84.62%	[1235, 1261]
:large_blue_circle:	com/starrocks/sql/optimizer/rule/transformation/ListPartitionPruner.java	114	119	95.80%	[809, 824, 848, 888, 933]
:large_blue_circle:	com/starrocks/sql/ast/DropPartitionClause.java	14	14	100.00%	[]
:large_blue_circle:	com/starrocks/sql/optimizer/rewrite/OptOlapPartitionPruner.java	2	2	100.00%	[]

[github-actions[bot]]

[BE Incremental Coverage Report]

:white_check_mark: pass : 0 / 0 (0%)