Refactor Binary Search

[TruongNhanNguyen]

Changes

• Simplify implementation logic
• Add docstring
• Rewrite tests using macro

Checklist:

• [x] I ran bellow commands using the latest version of rust nightly.
• [x] I ran cargo clippy --all -- -D warnings just before my last commit and fixed any issue that was found.
• [x] I ran cargo fmt just before my last commit.
• [x] I ran cargo test just before my last commit and all tests passed.
• [x] I added my algorithm to the corresponding mod.rs file within its own folder, and in any parent folder(s).
• [x] I added my algorithm to DIRECTORY.md with the correct link.
• [x] I checked COUNTRIBUTING.md and my code follows its guidelines.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests :white_check_mark:

Project coverage is 94.95%. Comparing base (c2009cd) to head (e5ef33f).

Additional details and impacted files

```diff @@ Coverage Diff @@ ## master #722 +/- ## ========================================== - Coverage 94.96% 94.95% -0.01% ========================================== Files 303 303 Lines 22563 22533 -30 ========================================== - Hits 21426 21396 -30 Misses 1137 1137 ```

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