Ruby: Update descriptive links in first three lessons

[SumonGFC]

Because

Links should be sufficiently descriptive for accessibility.

This PR

• Updates links on lines 29, 30, 31 of "How this course will work" lesson
• Update link on line 103 of "Installing Ruby" lesson
• Update links on line 138, 181, 319 of "Basic Data Types" lesson

Issue

Related to #28290

Additional Information

Pull Request Requirements

• [x] I have thoroughly read and understand The Odin Project curriculum contributing guide
• [x] The title of this PR follows the location of change: brief description of change format, e.g. Intro to HTML and CSS lesson: Fix link text
• [x] The Because section summarizes the reason for this PR
• [x] The This PR section has a bullet point list describing the changes in this PR
• [x] If this PR addresses an open issue, it is linked in the Issue section
• [x] If any lesson files are included in this PR, they have been previewed with the Markdown preview tool to ensure it is formatted correctly
• [x] If any lesson files are included in this PR, they follow the Layout Style Guide