Changelog
### 1.4.0
```
==================
- Build with Cython 0.29 in '3str' mode.
- Test with PyPy 6.0 on Windows.
- Add support for application-wide callbacks when ``Greenlet`` objects
are started. See :pr:`1289`, provided by Yury Selivanov.
- Fix consuming a single ready object using
``next(gevent.iwait(objs))``. Previously such a construction would
hang because `iter` was not called. See :pr:`1288`, provided by Josh
Snyder. This is not recommended, though, as unwaited objects will
have dangling links (but see next item).
- Make `gevent.iwait` return an iterator that can now also be used as
a context manager. If you'll only be consuming part of the iterator,
use it in a ``with`` block to avoid leaking resources. See
:pr:`1290`, provided by Josh Snyder.
- Fix semaphores to immediately notify links if they are ready and
``rawlink()`` is called. This behaves like ``Event`` and
``AsyncEvent``. Note that the order in which semaphore links are
called is not specified. See :issue:`1287`, reported by Dan Milon.
- Improve safety of handling exceptions during interpreter shutdown.
See :issue:`1295` reported by BobDenar1212.
- Remove the deprecated ability to specify ``GEVENT_RESOLVER`` and
other importable settings as a ``path/to/a/package.module.item``.
This had race conditions and didn't work with complicated resolver
implementations. Place the required package or module on `sys.path`
first.
- Reduce the chances that using the blocking monitor functionality
could result in apparently random ``SystemError:
Objects/tupleobject.c: bad argument to internal function``. Reported
in :issue:`1302` by Ulrich Petri.
- Refactored the gevent test runner and test suite to make them more
reusable. In particular, the tests are now run with ``python -m
gevent.tests``. See :issue:`1293`.
- Make a monkey-patched ``socket.getaddrinfo`` return socket module
enums instead of plain integers for the socket type and address
family on Python 3. See :issue:`1310` reported by TheYOSH.
.. note:: This requires Python 3.4.3 or above due to an undocumented
change in that version.
- Make gevent's pywsgi server set the non-standard environment value
``wsgi.input_terminated`` to True. See :issue:`1308`.
- Make `gevent.util.assert_switches` produce more informative messages
when the assertion fails.
- Python 2: If a `gevent.socket` was closed asynchronously (in a
different greenlet or a hub callback), `AttributeError` could result
if the socket was already in use. Now the correct socket.error
should be raised.
- Fix :meth:`gevent.threadpool.ThreadPool.join` raising a
`UserWarning` when using the libuv backend. Reported in
:issue:`1321` by ZeroNet.
- Fix ``FileObjectPosix.seek`` raising `OSError` when it should have
been `IOError` on Python 2. Reported by, and PR by, Ricardo Kirkner.
See :issue:`1323`.
- Upgrade libuv from 1.23.2 to 1.24.0.
```
### 1.3.7
```
==================
- Formatting run info no longer includes ``gevent.local.local``
objects that have no value in the greenlet. See :issue:`1275`.
- Fixed negative length in pywsgi's Input read functions for non chunked body.
Reported in :issue:`1274` by tzickel.
- Upgrade libuv from 1.22.0 to 1.23.2.
- Fix opening files in text mode in CPython 2 on Windows by patching
libuv. See :issue:`1282` reported by wiggin15.
```
### 1.3.6
```
==================
- gevent now depends on greenlet 0.4.14 or above. gevent binary wheels
for 1.3.5 and below must have greenlet 0.4.13 installed on Python
3.7 or they will crash. Reported by Alexey Stepanov in :issue:`1260`
and pkittenis in :issue:`1261`.
- :class:`gevent.local.local` subclasses correctly supports
``staticmethod`` functions. Reported by Brendan Powers in
:issue:`1266`.
```
### 1.3.5
```
==================
- Update the bundled libuv from 1.20.1 to 1.22.0.
- Test Python 3.7 on Appveyor. Fix the handling of Popen's
``close_fds`` argument on 3.7.
- Update Python versions tested on Travis, including PyPy to 6.0. See :issue:`1195`.
- :mod:`gevent.queue` imports ``_PySimpleQueue`` instead of
``SimpleQueue`` so that it doesn't block the event loop.
:func:`gevent.monkey.patch_all` makes this same substitution in
:mod:`queue`. This fixes issues with
:class:`concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor` as well. Reported in
:issue:`1248` by wwqgtxx and :issue:`1251` by pyld.
- :meth:`gevent.socket.socket.connect` doesn't pass the port (service)
to :func:`socket.getaddrinfo` when it resolves an ``AF_INET`` or
``AF_INET6`` address. (The standard library doesn't either.) This
fixes an issue on Solaris. Reported in :issue:`1252` by wiggin15.
- :meth:`gevent.socket.socket.connect` works with more address
families, notably AF_TIPC, AF_NETLINK, AF_BLUETOOTH, AF_ALG and AF_VSOCK.
```
### 1.3.4
```
==================
- Be more careful about issuing ``MonkeyPatchWarning`` for ssl
imports. Now, we only issue it if we detect the one specific
condition that is known to lead to RecursionError. This may produce
false negatives, but should reduce or eliminate false positives.
- Based on measurements and discussion in :issue:`1233`, adjust the
way :mod:`gevent.pywsgi` generates HTTP chunks. This is intended to
reduce network overhead, especially for smaller chunk sizes.
- Additional slight performance improvements in :mod:`gevent.pywsgi`.
See :pr:`1241`.
```
### 1.3.3
```
==================
- :func:`gevent.sleep` updates the loop's notion of the current time
before sleeping so that sleep duration corresponds more closely to
elapsed (wall clock) time. :class:`gevent.Timeout` does the same.
Reported by champax and FoP in :issue:`1227`.
- Fix an ``UnboundLocalError`` in SSL servers when wrapping a socket
throws an error. Reported in :issue:`1236` by kochelmonster.
```
### 1.3.2.post0
```
========================
- Fix a packaging error in manylinux binary wheels that prevented some
imports from working. See :issue:`1219`.
```
### 1.3.2
```
==================
- Allow weak refeneces to :class:`gevent.queue.Queue`. Reported in
:issue:`1217` by githrdw.
```
### 1.3.1
```
==================
- Allow weak references to :class:`gevent.event.Event`. Reported in
:issue:`1211` by Matias Guijarro.
- Fix embedded uses of :func:`gevent.Greenlet.spawn`, especially under
uwsgi. Reported in :issue:`1212` by Kunal Gangakhedkar.
- Fix :func:`gevent.os.nb_write` and :func:`gevent.os.nb_read` not
always closing the IO event they opened in the event of an
exception. This would be a problem especially for libuv.
```
### 1.3.0
```
==================
- Python 3.7 passes the automated memory leak checks. See :issue:`1197`.
- Update autoconf's config.guess and config.sub to the latest versions
for c-ares and libev.
- :class:`gevent.local.local` subclasses that mix-in ABCs can be instantiated.
Reported in :issue:`1201` by Bob Jordan.
```
### 1.3b2
```
==================
- On Windows, CFFI is now a dependency so that the libuv backend
really can be used by default.
- Fix a bug detecting whether we can use the memory monitoring
features when psutil is not installed.
- `gevent.subprocess.Popen` uses ``/proc/self/fd`` (on Linux) or
``/dev/fd`` (on BSD, including macOS) to find the file descriptors
to close when ``close_fds`` is true. This matches an optimization
added to Python 3 (and backports it to Python 2.7), making process
spawning up to 9 times faster. Also, on Python 3, since Python 3.3
is no longer supported, we can also optimize the case where
``close_fds`` is false (not the default), making process spawning up
to 38 times faster. Initially reported in :issue:`1172` by Ofer Koren.
- The bundled libuv is now 1.20.1, up from 1.19.2. See :issue:`1177`.
- The long-deprecated and undocumented module ``gevent.wsgi`` was removed.
- Add `gevent.util.assert_switches` to build on the monitoring
functions. Fixes :issue:`1182`.
- A started monitor thread for the active hub now survives a fork. See
:issue:`1185`.
- The greenlet tracer functions used for the various monitoring
capabilities are now compiled with Cython for substantially lower
overhead. See :pr:`1190`.
- libuv now collects all pending watchers and runs their callbacks at
the end of the loop iteration using UV_RUN_ONCE. This eliminates the
need to patch libuv to be greenlet-safe. It also means that
zero-duration timer watchers are actual timer watchers again
(instead of being turned into check watchers); newly added
zero-duration timers cannot block the event loop because they won't
be run until a safe time.
- Python 3.7.0b4 is now the tested and supported version of Python
3.7. PyPy 6.0 has been tested, although CI continues to use 5.10.
```
### 1.3b1
```
==================
Dependencies
------------
- Cython 0.28.2 is now used to build gevent from a source checkout.
- The bundled libuv is now 1.19.2, up from 1.18.0.
Platform Support
----------------
- Travis CI tests on Python 3.7.0b3.
- Windows now defaults to the libuv backend if CFFI is installed. See
:issue:`1163`.
Bug Fixes
---------
- On Python 2, when monkey-patching `threading.Event`, also
monkey-patch the underlying class, ``threading._Event``. Some code
may be type-checking for that. See :issue:`1136`.
- Fix libuv io watchers polling for events that only stopped watchers
are interested in, reducing CPU usage. Reported in :issue:`1144` by
wwqgtxx.
Enhancements
------------
- Add additional optimizations for spawning greenlets, making it
faster than 1.3a2.
- Use strongly typed watcher callbacks in the libuv CFFI extensions.
This prevents dozens of compiler warnings.
- When gevent prints a timestamp as part of an error message, it is
now in UTC format as specified by RFC3339.
- Threadpool threads that exit now always destroy their hub (if one
was created). This prevents some forms of resource leaks (notably
visible as blocking functions reported by the new monitoring abilities).
- Hub objects now include the value of their ``name`` attribute in
their repr.
- Pools for greenlets and threads have lower overhead, especially for
``map``. See :pr:`1153`.
- The undocumented, internal implementation classes ``IMap`` and
``IMapUnordered`` classes are now compiled with Cython, further
reducing the overhead of ``[Thread]Pool.imap``.
- The classes `gevent.event.Event` and `gevent.event.AsyncResult`
are compiled with Cython for improved performance, as is the
``gevent.queue`` module and ``gevent.hub.Waiter`` and certain
time-sensitive parts of the hub itself. Please report any
compatibility issues.
- ``python -m gevent.monkey <script>`` accepts more values for
``<script>``, including paths to packages or compiled bytecode.
Reported in :issue:`1157` by Eddie Linder.
- Add a simple event framework for decoupled communication. It uses
:mod:`zope.event` if that is installed.
- :mod:`gevent.monkey` has support for plugins in the form of event
subscribers and setuptools entry points. See :pr:`1158` and
:issue:`1162`. setuptools must be installed at runtime for its entry
points to function.
Monitoring and Debugging
------------------------
- Introduce the configuration variable
`gevent.config.track_greenlet_tree` (aka
``GEVENT_TRACK_GREENLET_TREE``) to allow disabling the greenlet tree
features for applications where greenlet spawning is performance
critical. This restores spawning performance to 1.2 levels.
- Add an optional monitoring thread for each hub. When enabled, this
thread (by default) looks for greenlets that block the event loop
for more than 0.1s. You can add your own periodic monitoring
functions to this thread. Set ``GEVENT_MONITOR_THREAD_ENABLE`` to
use it, and ``GEVENT_MAX_BLOCKING_TIME`` to configure the blocking
interval.
- The monitoring thread emits events when it detects certain
conditions, like loop blocked or memory limits exceeded.
- Add settings for monitoring memory usage and emitting events when a
threshold is exceeded and then corrected. gevent currently supplies
no policy for what to do when memory exceeds the configured limit.
``psutil`` must be installed to use this. See :pr:`1150`.
```
### 1.3a2
```
==================
Dependencies
------------
- Cython 0.28b1 or later is now required to build gevent from a source
checkout (Cython is *not* required to build a source distribution
from PyPI).
- Update c-ares to 1.14.0. See :issue:`1105`.
- gevent now **requires** the patched version of libuv it is
distributed with. Building gevent with a non-embedded libuv, while
not previously supported, is not possible now. See
:issue:`1126`.
Platform Support
----------------
- Travis CI tests on Python 3.7.0b2 and PyPy 2.7 5.10.0 and PyPy 3.5
5.10.1.
Build Changes
-------------
- Fix building from a source distribution (PyPI) without Cython
installed.
Enhancements
------------
- Add the ``dnspython`` resolver as a lightweight alternative to
c-ares. It is generally faster than c-ares and is supported on PyPy.
c-ares may be deprecated in the future. See :pr:`1088` and
:issue:`1103`.
- Add the module :mod:`gevent.time` that can be imported instead of
:mod:`time`, much like :mod:`gevent.socket` can be imported instead
of :mod:`socket`. It contains ``gevent.sleep``. This aids
monkey-patching.
- Simple subclasses of `gevent.local.local` now have the same
(substantially improved) performance characteristics of plain
`gevent.local.local` itself, making them 2 to 3 times faster than
before. See :pr:`1117`. If there are any compatibility
problems, please open issues.
Monitoring and Debugging
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Greenlet objects now keep track of their spawning parent greenlet
and the code location that spawned them, in addition to maintaining
a "spawn tree local" mapping. This adds some runtime overhead in
relative terms, but absolute numbers are still relatively small.
Based on a proposal from PayPal and comments by Mahmoud Hashemi and
Kurt Rose. See :issue:`755` and :pr:`1115`. As always, feedback is
appreciated.
- Greenlet objects now have a `minimal_ident
<gevent.Greenlet.minimal_ident>` property. It functions
similarly to ``Thread.ident`` or ``id`` by uniquely identifying the
greenlet object while it remains alive, and it can be reused after
the greenlet object is dead. It is different in that it is small and
sequential. Based on a proposal from PayPal and comments by Mahmoud
Hashemi and Kurt Rose. See :issue:`755`. As always, feedback is
appreciated.
- `gevent.Greenlet` objects now have a `gevent.Greenlet.name`
attribute that is included in the default repr.
- Include the values of `gevent.local.local` objects associated with
each greenlet in `gevent.util.format_run_info`.
- Add `gevent.util.GreenletTree` to visualize the greenlet tree. This
is used by `gevent.util.format_run_info`.
Subprocess
~~~~~~~~~~
- Make :class:`gevnt.subprocess.Popen` accept the ``restore_signals``
keyword argument on all versions of Python, and on Python 2 have it
default to false. It previously defaulted to true on all versions;
now it only defaults to true on Python 3. The standard library in
Python 2 does not have this argument and its behaviour with regards
to signals is undocumented, but there is code known to rely on
signals not being restored under Python 2. Initial report and patch
in :pr:`1063` by Florian Margaine.
- Allow :class:`gevent.subprocess.Popen` to accept the keyword
arguments ``pass_fds`` and ``start_new_session`` under Python 2.
They have always had the same default as Python 3, namely an empty
tuple and false, but now are accessible to Python 2.
- Support the ``capture_output`` argument added to Python 3.7 in
:func:`gevent.subprocess.run`.
Configuration
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Centralize all gevent configuration in an object at
``gevent.config``, allowing for gevent to be configured through code
and not *necessarily* environment variables, and also provide a
centralized place for documentation. See :issue:`1090`.
- The new ``GEVENT_CORE_CFFI_ONLY`` environment variable has been
replaced with the pre-existing ``GEVENT_LOOP`` environment
variable. That variable may take the values ``libev-cext``,
``libev-cffi``, or ``libuv-cffi``, (or be a list in preference
order, or be a dotted name; it may also be assigned to an
object in Python code at ``gevent.config.loop``).
- The ``GEVENTARES_SERVERS`` environment variable is deprecated in
favor of ``GEVENT_RESOLVER_SERVERS``. See :issue:`1103`.
Bug Fixes
---------
- Fix calling ``shutdown`` on a closed socket. It was raising
``AttributeError``, now it once again raises the correct
``socket.error``. Reported in :issue:`1089` by André Cimander.
- Fix an interpreter crash that could happen if two or more ``loop``
objects referenced the default event loop and one of them was
destroyed and then the other one destroyed or (in the libev C
extension implementation only) deallocated (garbage collected). See
:issue:`1098`.
- Fix a race condition in libuv child callbacks. See :issue:`1104`.
Other Changes
-------------
- The internal, undocumented module ``gevent._threading`` has been
simplified.
- The internal, undocumented class ``gevent._socket3._fileobject`` has
been removed. See :issue:`1084`.
- Simplify handling of the libev default loop and the ``destroy()``
method. The default loop, when destroyed, can again be requested and
it will regenerate itself. The default loop is the only one that can
receive child events.
- Make :meth:`gevent.socket.socket.sendall` up to ten times faster on
PyPy3, through the same change that was applied in gevent 1.1b3 for PyPy2.
- Be more careful about issuing a warning about patching SSL on
Python 2. See :issue:`1108`.
- Signal handling under PyPy with libuv is more reliable. See
:issue:`1112`.
- The :mod:`gevent.greenlet` module is now compiled with Cython to
offset any performance decrease due to :issue:`755`. Please open
issues for any compatibility concerns. See :pr:`1115` and :pr:`1120`.
- On CPython, allow the pure-Python implementations of
`gevent.Greenlet`, `gevent.local` and `gevent.lock` to be
used when the environment variable ``PURE_PYTHON`` is set. This is
not recommended except for debugging and testing. See :issue:`1118`.
- :meth:`gevent.select.poll.poll` now interprets a *timeout* of -1 the
same as a *timeout* of *None* as the standard requires. Previously,
on libuv this was interpreted the same as a *timeout* of 0. In
addition, all *timeout* values less than zero are interpreted like
*None* (as they always were under libev). See :issue:`1127`.
- Monkey-patching now defaults to patching ``threading.Event``.
```
### 1.3a1
```
==================
Dependencies
------------
- gevent is now built and tested with Cython 0.27. This is required
for Python 3.7 support.
- Update c-ares to 1.13.0. See :issue:`990`.
Platform Support
----------------
- Add initial support for Python 3.7a3. It has the same level of
support as Python 3.6.
- Using unreleased Cython 0.28 and greenlet 0.4.13; requires Python 3.7a3.
- The ``async`` functions and classes have been renamed to
``async_`` due to ``async`` becoming a keyword in Python 3.7.
Aliases are still in place for older versions. See :issue:`1047`.
- gevent is now tested on Python 3.6.4. This includes the following
fixes and changes:
- Errors raised from :mod:`gevent.subprocess` will have a
``filename`` attribute set.
- The :class:`threading.Timer` class is now monkey-patched and can
be joined. Previously on Python 3.4 and above, joining a ``Timer``
would hang the process.
- :meth:`gevent.ssl.SSLSocket.unwrap` behaves more like the standard
library, including returning a SSLSocket and allowing certain
timeout-related SSL errors to propagate. The added standard
library tests ``test_ftplib.py`` now passes.
- :class:`gevent.subprocess.Popen` accepts a "path-like object" for
the *cwd* parameter on all platforms. Previously this only worked
on POSIX platforms under Python 3.6. Now it also works on Windows under
Python 3.6 (as expected) and is backported to all previous versions.
- Linux CI now tests on PyPy3 3.5-5.9.0, updated from PyPy3 3.5-5.7.1.
See :issue:`1001`. PyPy2 has been updated to 5.9.0 from 5.7.1,
Python 2.7 has been updated to 2.7.14 from 2.7.13, Python 3.4 is
updated to 3.4.7 from 3.4.5, Python 3.5 is now 3.5.4 from 3.5.3, and
Python 3.6 is now 3.6.4 from 3.6.0.
- Drop support for Python 3.3. The documentation has only claimed
support for 3.4+ since gevent 1.2 was released, and only 3.4+ has
been tested. This merely removes the supporting Trove classifier and
remaining test code. See :issue:`997`.
- PyPy is now known to run on Windows using the libuv backend, with
caveats. See the section on libuv for more information.
- Due to security concerns, official support for Python 2.7.8 and
earlier (without a modern SSL implementation) has been dropped.
These versions are no longer tested with gevent, but gevent can
still be installed on them. Supporting code will be removed in the
next major version of gevent. See :issue:`1073`.
Build Changes
-------------
- When building gevent from a source checkout (*not* a distributed
source distribution), ``make`` is no longer required and the
``Makefile`` is not used. Neither is an external ``cython`` command.
Instead, the ``cythonize`` function is used, as recommended by
Cython. (The external commands were never required by source
distributions.) See :issue:`1076`.
- :class:`gevent.local.local` is compiled with Cython on CPython.
- The Cython ares 'channel' class is no longer declared to be publicly
accessible from a named C structure. Doing so caused a conflict with
the c-ares header files.
Bug Fixes
---------
- If a single greenlet created and destroyed many
:class:`gevent.local.local` objects without ever exiting, there
would be a leak of the function objects intended to clean up the
locals after the greenlet exited. Introduce a weak reference to
avoid that. Reported in :issue:`981` by Heungsub Lee.
- pywsgi also catches and ignores by default
:const:`errno.WSAECONNABORTED` on Windows. Initial patch in
:pr:`999` by Jan van Valburg.
- :meth:`gevent.subprocess.Popen.communicate` returns the correct type
of str (not bytes) in universal newline mode under Python 3, or when
an encoding has been specified. Initial patch in :pr:`939` by
William Grzybowski.
- :meth:`gevent.subprocess.Popen.communicate` (and in general,
accessing ``Popen.stdout`` and ``Popen.stderr``) returns the correct
type of str (bytes) in universal newline mode under Python 2.
Previously it always returned unicode strings. Reported in
:issue:`1039` by Michal Petrucha.
- :class:`gevent.fileobject.FileObjectPosix` returns native strings in
universal newline mode on Python 2. This is consistent with what
:class:`.FileObjectThread` does. See :issue:`1039`.
- ``socket.send()`` now catches ``EPROTOTYPE`` on macOS to handle a race
condition during shutdown. Fixed in :pr:`1035` by Jay Oster.
- :func:`gevent.socket.create_connection` now properly cleans up open
sockets if connecting or binding raises a :exc:`BaseException` like
:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt`, :exc:`greenlet.GreenletExit` or
:exc:`gevent.timeout.Timeout`. Reported in :issue:`1044` by
kochelmonster.
Other Changes
-------------
- ``Pool.add`` now accepts ``blocking`` and ``timeout`` parameters,
which function similarly to their counterparts in ``Semaphore``.
See :pr:`1032` by Ron Rothman.
- Defer adjusting the stdlib's list of active threads until
``threading`` is monkey patched. Previously this was done when
:mod:`gevent.threading` was imported. That module is documented to
be used as a helper for monkey patching, so this should generally
function the same, but some applications ignore the documentation
and directly import that module anyway.
A positive consequence is that ``import gevent.threading, threading;
threading.current_thread()`` will no longer return a DummyThread
before monkey-patching. Another positive consequence is that PyPy
will no longer print a ``KeyError`` on exit if
:mod:`gevent.threading` was imported *without* monkey-patching.
See :issue:`984`.
- Specify the Requires-Python metadata for improved installation
support in certain tools (setuptools v24.2.1 or newer is required).
See :issue:`995`.
- Monkey-patching after the :mod:`ssl` module has been imported now
prints a warning because this can produce ``RecursionError``.
- :class:`gevent.local.local` objects are now approximately 3.5 times faster
getting, setting and deleting attributes on PyPy. This involved
implementing more of the attribute protocols directly. Please open
an issue if you have any compatibility problems. See :issue:`1020`.
- :class:`gevent.local.local` is compiled with Cython on CPython. It
was already 5 to 6 times faster due to the work on :issue:`1020`,
and compiling it with Cython makes it another 5 to 6 times faster,
for a total speed up of about 35 times. It is now in the same
ballpark as the native :class:`threading.local` class. It also uses
one pointer less memory per object, and one pointer less memory per
greenlet. See :pr:`1024`.
- More safely terminate subprocesses on Windows with
:meth:`gevent.subprocess.Popen.terminate`. Reported in :issue:`1023`
by Giacomo Debidda.
- gevent now uses cffi's "extern 'Python'" callbacks. These should be
faster and more stable. This requires at least cffi 1.4.0. See :issue:`1049`.
- gevent now approximately tries to stick to a scheduling interval
when running callbacks, instead of simply running a count of
callbacks. The interval is determined by
:func:`gevent.getswitchinterval`. On Python 3, this is the same as
the thread switch interval. On Python 2, this defaults to 0.005s and
can be changed with :func:`gevent.setswitchinterval`. This should
result in more fair "scheduling" of greenlets, especially when
``gevent.sleep(0)`` or other busy callbacks are in use. The interval
is checked every 50 callbacks to keep overhead low. See
:issue:`1072`. With thanks to Arcadiy Ivanov and Antonio Cuni.
libuv
-----
- Add initial *experimental* support for using libuv as a backend
instead of libev, controlled by setting the environment variable
``GEVENT_CORE_CFFI_ONLY=libuv`` before importing gevent. This
suffers a number of limitations compared to libev, notably:
- libuv support is not available in the manylinux wheels uploaded to
PyPI. The manylinux specification requires glibc 2.5, while libuv
requires glibc 2.12. Install from source to access libuv on Linux
(e.g., pip's ``--no-binary`` option).
- Timers (such as ``gevent.sleep`` and ``gevent.Timeout``) only
support a resolution of 1ms (in practice, it's closer to 1.5ms).
Attempting to use something smaller will automatically increase it
to 1ms and issue a warning. Because libuv only supports
millisecond resolution by rounding a higher-precision clock to an
integer number of milliseconds, timers apparently suffer from more
jitter.
- Using negative timeouts may behave differently from libev.
- libuv blocks delivery of all signals, so signals are handled using
an (arbitrary) 0.3 second timer. This means that signal handling
will be delayed by up to that amount, and that the longest the
event loop can sleep in the operating system's ``poll`` call is
that amount. Note that this is what gevent does for libev on
Windows too.
- libuv only supports one io watcher per file descriptor, whereas
libev and gevent have always supported many watchers using
different settings. The libev behaviour is emulated at the Python
level, but that adds overhead.
- Looping multiple times and expecting events for the same file
descriptor to be raised each time without any data being read or
written (as works with libev) does not appear to work correctly on
Linux when using ``gevent.select.poll`` or a monkey-patched
``selectors.PollSelector``.
- The build system does not support using a system libuv; the
embedded copy must be used. Using setuptools to compile libuv was
the most portable method found.
- If anything unexpected happens, libuv likes to ``abort()`` the
entire process instead of reporting an error. For example, closing
a file descriptor it is using in a watcher may cause the entire
process to be exited.
- There may be occasional otherwise unexplained and hard to
duplicate crashes. If you can duplicate a crash, **please** submit
an issue.
- This is the only backend that PyPy can use on Windows. As of this
alpha, there are many known issues with non-blocking sockets
(e.g., as used by :mod:`asyncore`; see ``test_ftplib.py``) and
sometimes sockets not getting closed in a timely fashion
(apparently; see ``test_httpservers.py``) and communicating with
subprocesses (it always hangs). Help tracking those down would be
appreciated. Only PyPy2 is tested.
Feedback and pull requests are welcome, especially to address the
issues mentioned above.
Other differences include:
- The order in which timers and other callbacks are invoked may be
different than in libev. In particular, timers and IO callbacks
happen in a different order, and timers may easily be off by up to
half of the supposed 1ms resolution. See :issue:`1057`.
- Starting a ``timer`` watcher does not update the loop's time by
default. This is because, unlike libev, a timer callback can cause
other timer callbacks to be run if they expire because the loop's
time updated, without cycling the event loop. See :issue:`1057`.
libev has also been changed to follow this behaviour.
Also see :issue:`1072`.
- Timers of zero duration do not necessarily cause the event loop to
cycle, as they do in libev. Instead, they may be called
immediately. If zero duration timers are added from other zero
duration timer callbacks, this can lead the loop to appear to
hang, as no IO will actually be done.
To mitigate this issue, ``loop.timer()`` detects attempts to use
zero duration timers and turns them into a check watcher. check
watchers do not support the ``again`` method.
- All watchers (e.g., ``loop.io``) and the ``Timeout`` class have a
``close`` method that should be called when code is done using the
object (they also function as context managers and a ``with``
statement will automatically close them). gevent does this
internally for sockets, file objects and internal timeouts.
Neglecting to close an object may result in leaking native
resources. To debug this, set the environment variables
``GEVENT_DEBUG=debug`` and ``PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=n`` before starting
the process.
The traditional cython-based libev backend will not leak if
``close`` is not called and will not produce warnings. The
CFFI-based libev backend will not currently leak but will produce
warnings. The CFFI-based libuv backend may leak and will produce
warnings.
Again, this is extremely experimental and all of it is subject to
change.
See :issue:`790` for history and more in-depth discussion.
libev
-----
- The C extension has been updated to use more modern Cython idioms
and generate less code for simplicity, faster compilation and better
cache usage. See :pr:`1077`.
- Watcher objects may be slightly larger. On a 64-bit platform, a
typical watcher may be 16 bytes (2 pointers) larger. This is
offset by slight performance gains.
- Cython is no longer preprocessed. Certain attributes that were
previously only defined in certain compilation modes (notably
LIBEV_EMBED) are now always defined, but will raise
``AttributeError`` or have a negative value when not available. In
general these attributes are not portable or documented and are
not implemented by libuv or the CFFI backend. See :issue:`1076`.
- Certain private helper functions (``gevent_handle_error``, and part of
``gevent_call``) are now implemented in Cython instead of C. This
reduces our reliance on internal undocumented implementation
details of Cython and Python that could change. See :pr:`1080`.
```
Links
- PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/gevent
- Changelog: https://pyup.io/changelogs/gevent/
- Homepage: http://www.gevent.org/
This PR pins gevent to the latest release 1.4.0.
Changelog
### 1.4.0 ``` ================== - Build with Cython 0.29 in '3str' mode. - Test with PyPy 6.0 on Windows. - Add support for application-wide callbacks when ``Greenlet`` objects are started. See :pr:`1289`, provided by Yury Selivanov. - Fix consuming a single ready object using ``next(gevent.iwait(objs))``. Previously such a construction would hang because `iter` was not called. See :pr:`1288`, provided by Josh Snyder. This is not recommended, though, as unwaited objects will have dangling links (but see next item). - Make `gevent.iwait` return an iterator that can now also be used as a context manager. If you'll only be consuming part of the iterator, use it in a ``with`` block to avoid leaking resources. See :pr:`1290`, provided by Josh Snyder. - Fix semaphores to immediately notify links if they are ready and ``rawlink()`` is called. This behaves like ``Event`` and ``AsyncEvent``. Note that the order in which semaphore links are called is not specified. See :issue:`1287`, reported by Dan Milon. - Improve safety of handling exceptions during interpreter shutdown. See :issue:`1295` reported by BobDenar1212. - Remove the deprecated ability to specify ``GEVENT_RESOLVER`` and other importable settings as a ``path/to/a/package.module.item``. This had race conditions and didn't work with complicated resolver implementations. Place the required package or module on `sys.path` first. - Reduce the chances that using the blocking monitor functionality could result in apparently random ``SystemError: Objects/tupleobject.c: bad argument to internal function``. Reported in :issue:`1302` by Ulrich Petri. - Refactored the gevent test runner and test suite to make them more reusable. In particular, the tests are now run with ``python -m gevent.tests``. See :issue:`1293`. - Make a monkey-patched ``socket.getaddrinfo`` return socket module enums instead of plain integers for the socket type and address family on Python 3. See :issue:`1310` reported by TheYOSH. .. note:: This requires Python 3.4.3 or above due to an undocumented change in that version. - Make gevent's pywsgi server set the non-standard environment value ``wsgi.input_terminated`` to True. See :issue:`1308`. - Make `gevent.util.assert_switches` produce more informative messages when the assertion fails. - Python 2: If a `gevent.socket` was closed asynchronously (in a different greenlet or a hub callback), `AttributeError` could result if the socket was already in use. Now the correct socket.error should be raised. - Fix :meth:`gevent.threadpool.ThreadPool.join` raising a `UserWarning` when using the libuv backend. Reported in :issue:`1321` by ZeroNet. - Fix ``FileObjectPosix.seek`` raising `OSError` when it should have been `IOError` on Python 2. Reported by, and PR by, Ricardo Kirkner. See :issue:`1323`. - Upgrade libuv from 1.23.2 to 1.24.0. ``` ### 1.3.7 ``` ================== - Formatting run info no longer includes ``gevent.local.local`` objects that have no value in the greenlet. See :issue:`1275`. - Fixed negative length in pywsgi's Input read functions for non chunked body. Reported in :issue:`1274` by tzickel. - Upgrade libuv from 1.22.0 to 1.23.2. - Fix opening files in text mode in CPython 2 on Windows by patching libuv. See :issue:`1282` reported by wiggin15. ``` ### 1.3.6 ``` ================== - gevent now depends on greenlet 0.4.14 or above. gevent binary wheels for 1.3.5 and below must have greenlet 0.4.13 installed on Python 3.7 or they will crash. Reported by Alexey Stepanov in :issue:`1260` and pkittenis in :issue:`1261`. - :class:`gevent.local.local` subclasses correctly supports ``staticmethod`` functions. Reported by Brendan Powers in :issue:`1266`. ``` ### 1.3.5 ``` ================== - Update the bundled libuv from 1.20.1 to 1.22.0. - Test Python 3.7 on Appveyor. Fix the handling of Popen's ``close_fds`` argument on 3.7. - Update Python versions tested on Travis, including PyPy to 6.0. See :issue:`1195`. - :mod:`gevent.queue` imports ``_PySimpleQueue`` instead of ``SimpleQueue`` so that it doesn't block the event loop. :func:`gevent.monkey.patch_all` makes this same substitution in :mod:`queue`. This fixes issues with :class:`concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor` as well. Reported in :issue:`1248` by wwqgtxx and :issue:`1251` by pyld. - :meth:`gevent.socket.socket.connect` doesn't pass the port (service) to :func:`socket.getaddrinfo` when it resolves an ``AF_INET`` or ``AF_INET6`` address. (The standard library doesn't either.) This fixes an issue on Solaris. Reported in :issue:`1252` by wiggin15. - :meth:`gevent.socket.socket.connect` works with more address families, notably AF_TIPC, AF_NETLINK, AF_BLUETOOTH, AF_ALG and AF_VSOCK. ``` ### 1.3.4 ``` ================== - Be more careful about issuing ``MonkeyPatchWarning`` for ssl imports. Now, we only issue it if we detect the one specific condition that is known to lead to RecursionError. This may produce false negatives, but should reduce or eliminate false positives. - Based on measurements and discussion in :issue:`1233`, adjust the way :mod:`gevent.pywsgi` generates HTTP chunks. This is intended to reduce network overhead, especially for smaller chunk sizes. - Additional slight performance improvements in :mod:`gevent.pywsgi`. See :pr:`1241`. ``` ### 1.3.3 ``` ================== - :func:`gevent.sleep` updates the loop's notion of the current time before sleeping so that sleep duration corresponds more closely to elapsed (wall clock) time. :class:`gevent.Timeout` does the same. Reported by champax and FoP in :issue:`1227`. - Fix an ``UnboundLocalError`` in SSL servers when wrapping a socket throws an error. Reported in :issue:`1236` by kochelmonster. ``` ### 1.3.2.post0 ``` ======================== - Fix a packaging error in manylinux binary wheels that prevented some imports from working. See :issue:`1219`. ``` ### 1.3.2 ``` ================== - Allow weak refeneces to :class:`gevent.queue.Queue`. Reported in :issue:`1217` by githrdw. ``` ### 1.3.1 ``` ================== - Allow weak references to :class:`gevent.event.Event`. Reported in :issue:`1211` by Matias Guijarro. - Fix embedded uses of :func:`gevent.Greenlet.spawn`, especially under uwsgi. Reported in :issue:`1212` by Kunal Gangakhedkar. - Fix :func:`gevent.os.nb_write` and :func:`gevent.os.nb_read` not always closing the IO event they opened in the event of an exception. This would be a problem especially for libuv. ``` ### 1.3.0 ``` ================== - Python 3.7 passes the automated memory leak checks. See :issue:`1197`. - Update autoconf's config.guess and config.sub to the latest versions for c-ares and libev. - :class:`gevent.local.local` subclasses that mix-in ABCs can be instantiated. Reported in :issue:`1201` by Bob Jordan. ``` ### 1.3b2 ``` ================== - On Windows, CFFI is now a dependency so that the libuv backend really can be used by default. - Fix a bug detecting whether we can use the memory monitoring features when psutil is not installed. - `gevent.subprocess.Popen` uses ``/proc/self/fd`` (on Linux) or ``/dev/fd`` (on BSD, including macOS) to find the file descriptors to close when ``close_fds`` is true. This matches an optimization added to Python 3 (and backports it to Python 2.7), making process spawning up to 9 times faster. Also, on Python 3, since Python 3.3 is no longer supported, we can also optimize the case where ``close_fds`` is false (not the default), making process spawning up to 38 times faster. Initially reported in :issue:`1172` by Ofer Koren. - The bundled libuv is now 1.20.1, up from 1.19.2. See :issue:`1177`. - The long-deprecated and undocumented module ``gevent.wsgi`` was removed. - Add `gevent.util.assert_switches` to build on the monitoring functions. Fixes :issue:`1182`. - A started monitor thread for the active hub now survives a fork. See :issue:`1185`. - The greenlet tracer functions used for the various monitoring capabilities are now compiled with Cython for substantially lower overhead. See :pr:`1190`. - libuv now collects all pending watchers and runs their callbacks at the end of the loop iteration using UV_RUN_ONCE. This eliminates the need to patch libuv to be greenlet-safe. It also means that zero-duration timer watchers are actual timer watchers again (instead of being turned into check watchers); newly added zero-duration timers cannot block the event loop because they won't be run until a safe time. - Python 3.7.0b4 is now the tested and supported version of Python 3.7. PyPy 6.0 has been tested, although CI continues to use 5.10. ``` ### 1.3b1 ``` ================== Dependencies ------------ - Cython 0.28.2 is now used to build gevent from a source checkout. - The bundled libuv is now 1.19.2, up from 1.18.0. Platform Support ---------------- - Travis CI tests on Python 3.7.0b3. - Windows now defaults to the libuv backend if CFFI is installed. See :issue:`1163`. Bug Fixes --------- - On Python 2, when monkey-patching `threading.Event`, also monkey-patch the underlying class, ``threading._Event``. Some code may be type-checking for that. See :issue:`1136`. - Fix libuv io watchers polling for events that only stopped watchers are interested in, reducing CPU usage. Reported in :issue:`1144` by wwqgtxx. Enhancements ------------ - Add additional optimizations for spawning greenlets, making it faster than 1.3a2. - Use strongly typed watcher callbacks in the libuv CFFI extensions. This prevents dozens of compiler warnings. - When gevent prints a timestamp as part of an error message, it is now in UTC format as specified by RFC3339. - Threadpool threads that exit now always destroy their hub (if one was created). This prevents some forms of resource leaks (notably visible as blocking functions reported by the new monitoring abilities). - Hub objects now include the value of their ``name`` attribute in their repr. - Pools for greenlets and threads have lower overhead, especially for ``map``. See :pr:`1153`. - The undocumented, internal implementation classes ``IMap`` and ``IMapUnordered`` classes are now compiled with Cython, further reducing the overhead of ``[Thread]Pool.imap``. - The classes `gevent.event.Event` and `gevent.event.AsyncResult` are compiled with Cython for improved performance, as is the ``gevent.queue`` module and ``gevent.hub.Waiter`` and certain time-sensitive parts of the hub itself. Please report any compatibility issues. - ``python -m gevent.monkey <script>`` accepts more values for ``<script>``, including paths to packages or compiled bytecode. Reported in :issue:`1157` by Eddie Linder. - Add a simple event framework for decoupled communication. It uses :mod:`zope.event` if that is installed. - :mod:`gevent.monkey` has support for plugins in the form of event subscribers and setuptools entry points. See :pr:`1158` and :issue:`1162`. setuptools must be installed at runtime for its entry points to function. Monitoring and Debugging ------------------------ - Introduce the configuration variable `gevent.config.track_greenlet_tree` (aka ``GEVENT_TRACK_GREENLET_TREE``) to allow disabling the greenlet tree features for applications where greenlet spawning is performance critical. This restores spawning performance to 1.2 levels. - Add an optional monitoring thread for each hub. When enabled, this thread (by default) looks for greenlets that block the event loop for more than 0.1s. You can add your own periodic monitoring functions to this thread. Set ``GEVENT_MONITOR_THREAD_ENABLE`` to use it, and ``GEVENT_MAX_BLOCKING_TIME`` to configure the blocking interval. - The monitoring thread emits events when it detects certain conditions, like loop blocked or memory limits exceeded. - Add settings for monitoring memory usage and emitting events when a threshold is exceeded and then corrected. gevent currently supplies no policy for what to do when memory exceeds the configured limit. ``psutil`` must be installed to use this. See :pr:`1150`. ``` ### 1.3a2 ``` ================== Dependencies ------------ - Cython 0.28b1 or later is now required to build gevent from a source checkout (Cython is *not* required to build a source distribution from PyPI). - Update c-ares to 1.14.0. See :issue:`1105`. - gevent now **requires** the patched version of libuv it is distributed with. Building gevent with a non-embedded libuv, while not previously supported, is not possible now. See :issue:`1126`. Platform Support ---------------- - Travis CI tests on Python 3.7.0b2 and PyPy 2.7 5.10.0 and PyPy 3.5 5.10.1. Build Changes ------------- - Fix building from a source distribution (PyPI) without Cython installed. Enhancements ------------ - Add the ``dnspython`` resolver as a lightweight alternative to c-ares. It is generally faster than c-ares and is supported on PyPy. c-ares may be deprecated in the future. See :pr:`1088` and :issue:`1103`. - Add the module :mod:`gevent.time` that can be imported instead of :mod:`time`, much like :mod:`gevent.socket` can be imported instead of :mod:`socket`. It contains ``gevent.sleep``. This aids monkey-patching. - Simple subclasses of `gevent.local.local` now have the same (substantially improved) performance characteristics of plain `gevent.local.local` itself, making them 2 to 3 times faster than before. See :pr:`1117`. If there are any compatibility problems, please open issues. Monitoring and Debugging ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Greenlet objects now keep track of their spawning parent greenlet and the code location that spawned them, in addition to maintaining a "spawn tree local" mapping. This adds some runtime overhead in relative terms, but absolute numbers are still relatively small. Based on a proposal from PayPal and comments by Mahmoud Hashemi and Kurt Rose. See :issue:`755` and :pr:`1115`. As always, feedback is appreciated. - Greenlet objects now have a `minimal_ident <gevent.Greenlet.minimal_ident>` property. It functions similarly to ``Thread.ident`` or ``id`` by uniquely identifying the greenlet object while it remains alive, and it can be reused after the greenlet object is dead. It is different in that it is small and sequential. Based on a proposal from PayPal and comments by Mahmoud Hashemi and Kurt Rose. See :issue:`755`. As always, feedback is appreciated. - `gevent.Greenlet` objects now have a `gevent.Greenlet.name` attribute that is included in the default repr. - Include the values of `gevent.local.local` objects associated with each greenlet in `gevent.util.format_run_info`. - Add `gevent.util.GreenletTree` to visualize the greenlet tree. This is used by `gevent.util.format_run_info`. Subprocess ~~~~~~~~~~ - Make :class:`gevnt.subprocess.Popen` accept the ``restore_signals`` keyword argument on all versions of Python, and on Python 2 have it default to false. It previously defaulted to true on all versions; now it only defaults to true on Python 3. The standard library in Python 2 does not have this argument and its behaviour with regards to signals is undocumented, but there is code known to rely on signals not being restored under Python 2. Initial report and patch in :pr:`1063` by Florian Margaine. - Allow :class:`gevent.subprocess.Popen` to accept the keyword arguments ``pass_fds`` and ``start_new_session`` under Python 2. They have always had the same default as Python 3, namely an empty tuple and false, but now are accessible to Python 2. - Support the ``capture_output`` argument added to Python 3.7 in :func:`gevent.subprocess.run`. Configuration ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Centralize all gevent configuration in an object at ``gevent.config``, allowing for gevent to be configured through code and not *necessarily* environment variables, and also provide a centralized place for documentation. See :issue:`1090`. - The new ``GEVENT_CORE_CFFI_ONLY`` environment variable has been replaced with the pre-existing ``GEVENT_LOOP`` environment variable. That variable may take the values ``libev-cext``, ``libev-cffi``, or ``libuv-cffi``, (or be a list in preference order, or be a dotted name; it may also be assigned to an object in Python code at ``gevent.config.loop``). - The ``GEVENTARES_SERVERS`` environment variable is deprecated in favor of ``GEVENT_RESOLVER_SERVERS``. See :issue:`1103`. Bug Fixes --------- - Fix calling ``shutdown`` on a closed socket. It was raising ``AttributeError``, now it once again raises the correct ``socket.error``. Reported in :issue:`1089` by André Cimander. - Fix an interpreter crash that could happen if two or more ``loop`` objects referenced the default event loop and one of them was destroyed and then the other one destroyed or (in the libev C extension implementation only) deallocated (garbage collected). See :issue:`1098`. - Fix a race condition in libuv child callbacks. See :issue:`1104`. Other Changes ------------- - The internal, undocumented module ``gevent._threading`` has been simplified. - The internal, undocumented class ``gevent._socket3._fileobject`` has been removed. See :issue:`1084`. - Simplify handling of the libev default loop and the ``destroy()`` method. The default loop, when destroyed, can again be requested and it will regenerate itself. The default loop is the only one that can receive child events. - Make :meth:`gevent.socket.socket.sendall` up to ten times faster on PyPy3, through the same change that was applied in gevent 1.1b3 for PyPy2. - Be more careful about issuing a warning about patching SSL on Python 2. See :issue:`1108`. - Signal handling under PyPy with libuv is more reliable. See :issue:`1112`. - The :mod:`gevent.greenlet` module is now compiled with Cython to offset any performance decrease due to :issue:`755`. Please open issues for any compatibility concerns. See :pr:`1115` and :pr:`1120`. - On CPython, allow the pure-Python implementations of `gevent.Greenlet`, `gevent.local` and `gevent.lock` to be used when the environment variable ``PURE_PYTHON`` is set. This is not recommended except for debugging and testing. See :issue:`1118`. - :meth:`gevent.select.poll.poll` now interprets a *timeout* of -1 the same as a *timeout* of *None* as the standard requires. Previously, on libuv this was interpreted the same as a *timeout* of 0. In addition, all *timeout* values less than zero are interpreted like *None* (as they always were under libev). See :issue:`1127`. - Monkey-patching now defaults to patching ``threading.Event``. ``` ### 1.3a1 ``` ================== Dependencies ------------ - gevent is now built and tested with Cython 0.27. This is required for Python 3.7 support. - Update c-ares to 1.13.0. See :issue:`990`. Platform Support ---------------- - Add initial support for Python 3.7a3. It has the same level of support as Python 3.6. - Using unreleased Cython 0.28 and greenlet 0.4.13; requires Python 3.7a3. - The ``async`` functions and classes have been renamed to ``async_`` due to ``async`` becoming a keyword in Python 3.7. Aliases are still in place for older versions. See :issue:`1047`. - gevent is now tested on Python 3.6.4. This includes the following fixes and changes: - Errors raised from :mod:`gevent.subprocess` will have a ``filename`` attribute set. - The :class:`threading.Timer` class is now monkey-patched and can be joined. Previously on Python 3.4 and above, joining a ``Timer`` would hang the process. - :meth:`gevent.ssl.SSLSocket.unwrap` behaves more like the standard library, including returning a SSLSocket and allowing certain timeout-related SSL errors to propagate. The added standard library tests ``test_ftplib.py`` now passes. - :class:`gevent.subprocess.Popen` accepts a "path-like object" for the *cwd* parameter on all platforms. Previously this only worked on POSIX platforms under Python 3.6. Now it also works on Windows under Python 3.6 (as expected) and is backported to all previous versions. - Linux CI now tests on PyPy3 3.5-5.9.0, updated from PyPy3 3.5-5.7.1. See :issue:`1001`. PyPy2 has been updated to 5.9.0 from 5.7.1, Python 2.7 has been updated to 2.7.14 from 2.7.13, Python 3.4 is updated to 3.4.7 from 3.4.5, Python 3.5 is now 3.5.4 from 3.5.3, and Python 3.6 is now 3.6.4 from 3.6.0. - Drop support for Python 3.3. The documentation has only claimed support for 3.4+ since gevent 1.2 was released, and only 3.4+ has been tested. This merely removes the supporting Trove classifier and remaining test code. See :issue:`997`. - PyPy is now known to run on Windows using the libuv backend, with caveats. See the section on libuv for more information. - Due to security concerns, official support for Python 2.7.8 and earlier (without a modern SSL implementation) has been dropped. These versions are no longer tested with gevent, but gevent can still be installed on them. Supporting code will be removed in the next major version of gevent. See :issue:`1073`. Build Changes ------------- - When building gevent from a source checkout (*not* a distributed source distribution), ``make`` is no longer required and the ``Makefile`` is not used. Neither is an external ``cython`` command. Instead, the ``cythonize`` function is used, as recommended by Cython. (The external commands were never required by source distributions.) See :issue:`1076`. - :class:`gevent.local.local` is compiled with Cython on CPython. - The Cython ares 'channel' class is no longer declared to be publicly accessible from a named C structure. Doing so caused a conflict with the c-ares header files. Bug Fixes --------- - If a single greenlet created and destroyed many :class:`gevent.local.local` objects without ever exiting, there would be a leak of the function objects intended to clean up the locals after the greenlet exited. Introduce a weak reference to avoid that. Reported in :issue:`981` by Heungsub Lee. - pywsgi also catches and ignores by default :const:`errno.WSAECONNABORTED` on Windows. Initial patch in :pr:`999` by Jan van Valburg. - :meth:`gevent.subprocess.Popen.communicate` returns the correct type of str (not bytes) in universal newline mode under Python 3, or when an encoding has been specified. Initial patch in :pr:`939` by William Grzybowski. - :meth:`gevent.subprocess.Popen.communicate` (and in general, accessing ``Popen.stdout`` and ``Popen.stderr``) returns the correct type of str (bytes) in universal newline mode under Python 2. Previously it always returned unicode strings. Reported in :issue:`1039` by Michal Petrucha. - :class:`gevent.fileobject.FileObjectPosix` returns native strings in universal newline mode on Python 2. This is consistent with what :class:`.FileObjectThread` does. See :issue:`1039`. - ``socket.send()`` now catches ``EPROTOTYPE`` on macOS to handle a race condition during shutdown. Fixed in :pr:`1035` by Jay Oster. - :func:`gevent.socket.create_connection` now properly cleans up open sockets if connecting or binding raises a :exc:`BaseException` like :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt`, :exc:`greenlet.GreenletExit` or :exc:`gevent.timeout.Timeout`. Reported in :issue:`1044` by kochelmonster. Other Changes ------------- - ``Pool.add`` now accepts ``blocking`` and ``timeout`` parameters, which function similarly to their counterparts in ``Semaphore``. See :pr:`1032` by Ron Rothman. - Defer adjusting the stdlib's list of active threads until ``threading`` is monkey patched. Previously this was done when :mod:`gevent.threading` was imported. That module is documented to be used as a helper for monkey patching, so this should generally function the same, but some applications ignore the documentation and directly import that module anyway. A positive consequence is that ``import gevent.threading, threading; threading.current_thread()`` will no longer return a DummyThread before monkey-patching. Another positive consequence is that PyPy will no longer print a ``KeyError`` on exit if :mod:`gevent.threading` was imported *without* monkey-patching. See :issue:`984`. - Specify the Requires-Python metadata for improved installation support in certain tools (setuptools v24.2.1 or newer is required). See :issue:`995`. - Monkey-patching after the :mod:`ssl` module has been imported now prints a warning because this can produce ``RecursionError``. - :class:`gevent.local.local` objects are now approximately 3.5 times faster getting, setting and deleting attributes on PyPy. This involved implementing more of the attribute protocols directly. Please open an issue if you have any compatibility problems. See :issue:`1020`. - :class:`gevent.local.local` is compiled with Cython on CPython. It was already 5 to 6 times faster due to the work on :issue:`1020`, and compiling it with Cython makes it another 5 to 6 times faster, for a total speed up of about 35 times. It is now in the same ballpark as the native :class:`threading.local` class. It also uses one pointer less memory per object, and one pointer less memory per greenlet. See :pr:`1024`. - More safely terminate subprocesses on Windows with :meth:`gevent.subprocess.Popen.terminate`. Reported in :issue:`1023` by Giacomo Debidda. - gevent now uses cffi's "extern 'Python'" callbacks. These should be faster and more stable. This requires at least cffi 1.4.0. See :issue:`1049`. - gevent now approximately tries to stick to a scheduling interval when running callbacks, instead of simply running a count of callbacks. The interval is determined by :func:`gevent.getswitchinterval`. On Python 3, this is the same as the thread switch interval. On Python 2, this defaults to 0.005s and can be changed with :func:`gevent.setswitchinterval`. This should result in more fair "scheduling" of greenlets, especially when ``gevent.sleep(0)`` or other busy callbacks are in use. The interval is checked every 50 callbacks to keep overhead low. See :issue:`1072`. With thanks to Arcadiy Ivanov and Antonio Cuni. libuv ----- - Add initial *experimental* support for using libuv as a backend instead of libev, controlled by setting the environment variable ``GEVENT_CORE_CFFI_ONLY=libuv`` before importing gevent. This suffers a number of limitations compared to libev, notably: - libuv support is not available in the manylinux wheels uploaded to PyPI. The manylinux specification requires glibc 2.5, while libuv requires glibc 2.12. Install from source to access libuv on Linux (e.g., pip's ``--no-binary`` option). - Timers (such as ``gevent.sleep`` and ``gevent.Timeout``) only support a resolution of 1ms (in practice, it's closer to 1.5ms). Attempting to use something smaller will automatically increase it to 1ms and issue a warning. Because libuv only supports millisecond resolution by rounding a higher-precision clock to an integer number of milliseconds, timers apparently suffer from more jitter. - Using negative timeouts may behave differently from libev. - libuv blocks delivery of all signals, so signals are handled using an (arbitrary) 0.3 second timer. This means that signal handling will be delayed by up to that amount, and that the longest the event loop can sleep in the operating system's ``poll`` call is that amount. Note that this is what gevent does for libev on Windows too. - libuv only supports one io watcher per file descriptor, whereas libev and gevent have always supported many watchers using different settings. The libev behaviour is emulated at the Python level, but that adds overhead. - Looping multiple times and expecting events for the same file descriptor to be raised each time without any data being read or written (as works with libev) does not appear to work correctly on Linux when using ``gevent.select.poll`` or a monkey-patched ``selectors.PollSelector``. - The build system does not support using a system libuv; the embedded copy must be used. Using setuptools to compile libuv was the most portable method found. - If anything unexpected happens, libuv likes to ``abort()`` the entire process instead of reporting an error. For example, closing a file descriptor it is using in a watcher may cause the entire process to be exited. - There may be occasional otherwise unexplained and hard to duplicate crashes. If you can duplicate a crash, **please** submit an issue. - This is the only backend that PyPy can use on Windows. As of this alpha, there are many known issues with non-blocking sockets (e.g., as used by :mod:`asyncore`; see ``test_ftplib.py``) and sometimes sockets not getting closed in a timely fashion (apparently; see ``test_httpservers.py``) and communicating with subprocesses (it always hangs). Help tracking those down would be appreciated. Only PyPy2 is tested. Feedback and pull requests are welcome, especially to address the issues mentioned above. Other differences include: - The order in which timers and other callbacks are invoked may be different than in libev. In particular, timers and IO callbacks happen in a different order, and timers may easily be off by up to half of the supposed 1ms resolution. See :issue:`1057`. - Starting a ``timer`` watcher does not update the loop's time by default. This is because, unlike libev, a timer callback can cause other timer callbacks to be run if they expire because the loop's time updated, without cycling the event loop. See :issue:`1057`. libev has also been changed to follow this behaviour. Also see :issue:`1072`. - Timers of zero duration do not necessarily cause the event loop to cycle, as they do in libev. Instead, they may be called immediately. If zero duration timers are added from other zero duration timer callbacks, this can lead the loop to appear to hang, as no IO will actually be done. To mitigate this issue, ``loop.timer()`` detects attempts to use zero duration timers and turns them into a check watcher. check watchers do not support the ``again`` method. - All watchers (e.g., ``loop.io``) and the ``Timeout`` class have a ``close`` method that should be called when code is done using the object (they also function as context managers and a ``with`` statement will automatically close them). gevent does this internally for sockets, file objects and internal timeouts. Neglecting to close an object may result in leaking native resources. To debug this, set the environment variables ``GEVENT_DEBUG=debug`` and ``PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=n`` before starting the process. The traditional cython-based libev backend will not leak if ``close`` is not called and will not produce warnings. The CFFI-based libev backend will not currently leak but will produce warnings. The CFFI-based libuv backend may leak and will produce warnings. Again, this is extremely experimental and all of it is subject to change. See :issue:`790` for history and more in-depth discussion. libev ----- - The C extension has been updated to use more modern Cython idioms and generate less code for simplicity, faster compilation and better cache usage. See :pr:`1077`. - Watcher objects may be slightly larger. On a 64-bit platform, a typical watcher may be 16 bytes (2 pointers) larger. This is offset by slight performance gains. - Cython is no longer preprocessed. Certain attributes that were previously only defined in certain compilation modes (notably LIBEV_EMBED) are now always defined, but will raise ``AttributeError`` or have a negative value when not available. In general these attributes are not portable or documented and are not implemented by libuv or the CFFI backend. See :issue:`1076`. - Certain private helper functions (``gevent_handle_error``, and part of ``gevent_call``) are now implemented in Cython instead of C. This reduces our reliance on internal undocumented implementation details of Cython and Python that could change. See :pr:`1080`. ```Links
- PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/gevent - Changelog: https://pyup.io/changelogs/gevent/ - Homepage: http://www.gevent.org/