Multiple definition of DMAC_Handler when using SPI and I2S

[fontanon]

I wonder why Adafruit_ZeroDMA is trying to redefine DMAC_Handler when it was previously defined by the I2S library. The Adafruit-samd v1.5.2 includes both I2S and SPI libraries. It is actually the SPI one which includes Adafruit_ZeroDMA.

I'm wondering whether any fix could be applied so both I2S and SPI could be included in a sketch for Arduinocore-samd v1.5.2, or whether Adafruit_ZeroDMA could check and reuse DMAC_Handler if it was previously defined.

Below the steps to reproduce.

• Arduino IDE v1.8.9
• Board: Adafruit Feather M0
• Board Libraries installed: Arduinocore-samd v1.8.3 + Adafruit-samd v1.5.2
• Sketch to reproduce the error:

#include <Arduino.h>
#include <I2S.h>
#include <SPI.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

void setup() {
}

void loop() {

}

• The error:

/tmp/arduino_build_458350/libraries/Adafruit_ZeroDMA/Adafruit_ZeroDMA.cpp.o: In function `DMAC_Handler':
Adafruit_ZeroDMA.cpp:(.text.DMAC_Handler+0x0): multiple definition of `DMAC_Handler'
/tmp/arduino_build_458350/libraries/I2S/utility/DMA.cpp.o:DMA.cpp:(.text.DMAC_Handler+0x0): first defined here
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

[fontanon]

Related? https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-samd/issues/419

[fontanon]

Actually, including in the sketch Adafruit_ZeroDMA instead of SPI produces the same error:

#include <I2S.h>
#include <Adafruit_ZeroDMA.h>

void setup() {
}

void loop() {

}

/tmp/arduino_build_458350/libraries/Adafruit_ZeroDMA/Adafruit_ZeroDMA.cpp.o: In function `DMAC_Handler':
Adafruit_ZeroDMA.cpp:(.text.DMAC_Handler+0x0): multiple definition of `DMAC_Handler'
/tmp/arduino_build_458350/libraries/I2S/utility/DMA.cpp.o:DMA.cpp:(.text.DMAC_Handler+0x0): first defined here
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

[ladyada]

we don't really use/support the official arduino i2s library, try the Audio library fork we have

[dennischrist]

@fontanon

did you find a workaround?

[ladyada]

https://github.com/adafruit/Audio

[dennischrist]

@ladyada thanks! do you maybe have a small pointer how I would use the mic in with a MEMS microphone? Or which sketch should I use?

[ladyada]

sorry no idea!

[dennischrist]

@ladyada ok thanks.

https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-i2s-mems-microphone-breakout/arduino-wiring-and-test

This tutorial is busted then (the part with the ArduinoSound library).

[ladyada]

yep - i2s is not supported right now, you can remove the zerodma library from within the adafruit arduino core for now look in Arduino15 folder

[fontanon]

@fontanon

did you find a workaround?

Yes @dennischrist I actually make it work by importing and using Adafruit_ZeroI2S instead of the I2S library itself!

https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_ZeroI2S

I'll be actually submitting soon to github a full firmware example using Adafruit_ZeroI2S to communicate with the microphone and arduino-lmic (which depends on SPI) to report via LoRaWAN the measurements.

[fontanon]

Hi @dennischrist @ladyada find below a sample arduino sketch file illustrating how we make it work. I hope it helps.

// Sample firmware to illustrate how to interface with I2S devices and 
// using arduino-lmic library with Adafruit Feather M0 Boards.

#include <Arduino.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

// Most relevant libraries here: Adafruit-samd v1.5.2 (board) + Adafruit_ZeroI2S + arduino-lmic
#include <Adafruit_ZeroI2S.h>
#include <lmic.h>
#include <hal/hal.h>

// Mic sampling parameters
// Unsing InvenSense INMP441 via I2S interface
// Further hardware info: https://www.invensense.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/INMP441.pdf
#define SAMPLERATE_HZ 44100
int32_t audiosamples = 128;
const int sample_delay = 1000;

// Pin mapping for RFM95w LoRaWAN interface (via LMIC)
// Further hardware info: https://www.hoperf.com/modules/lora/RFM95.html
const lmic_pinmap lmic_pins = {
  .nss = 8,
  .rxtx = LMIC_UNUSED_PIN,
  .rst = LMIC_UNUSED_PIN,
  .dio = {3, 6, LMIC_UNUSED_PIN},
};

// The I2S interface with the Mic using Adafruit Library.
Adafruit_ZeroI2S i2s; 

void setup() {

  // Configure serial port.
  Serial.begin(115200);
  Serial.println("Zero I2S Audio Tone Generator");

  // Initialize the I2S transmitter.
  if (!i2s.begin(I2S_32_BIT, SAMPLERATE_HZ)) {
    Serial.println("Failed to initialize I2S transmitter!");
    while (1);
  }

  // Enable receive PIN 11 for Digital Output.
  i2s.enableRx(); 
  pinMode(11, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {

  // This is a stereo Mic. But we'll only read from LEFT channel
  digitalWrite(11, LOW);  

  float sound;
  int32_t left,right;
  int i;
  int sample=0;

  // Read a bunch of samples!!!
  int32_t samples[audiosamples];

  for (int i = 0; i < audiosamples; i++) {
    i2s.read(&left, &right);
    delay(1);  // Workaround delay to prevent oversizing the buffer
    sample = left;
    // convert to 18 bit signed
    sample >>= 14;
    samples[i] = abs(sample);
  }

  // Calculate mean (avg) over samples
  float meanval = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < audiosamples; i++) {
    meanval += samples[i];
  }
  meanval /= audiosamples;

  // subtract it from all samples to get a 'normalized' output
  for (int i = 0; i < audiosamples; i++) {
    samples[i] -= meanval;
  }

  // find the 'peak to peak' max
  float maxsample, minsample;
  minsample = 100000;
  maxsample = -100000;

  for (int i = 0; i < audiosamples; i++) {
    minsample = min(minsample, samples[i]);
    maxsample = max(maxsample, samples[i]);
  }

  sound = 10 * log(maxsample - minsample);
  Serial.println(sound);
  delay(1000); // Let's just process a measurement each second.
}

[Gr3yCodes]

@fontanon this is brilliant, it works great on the featherM0 WiFi. Thank you for posting your example!

[rishi-a]

@fontanon I was trying your code to interface the Adafruit I2S microphone with Adafruit Feather M0 datalogger. My objective is to write audio data in the SD card.

I observed that, the datarate of Arduino's I2S library is faster compared to the Adafruit_I2S library. Although I made this observation by looking at the output of Serial.plotter as shown below.

Output of Arduino serial monitor with Arduino's I2S library.

Output of Arduino serial monitor with Adafruit_I2S library.

I'm using the following code which is a adaptation of your code:

`

include

include

include

//enable/disable the part of code that is involved with SD card actions bool SDENABLE = 0;

//audio intake settings.

define SAMPLERATE_HZ 8000

int32_t audiosamples = 128; //128 because 512B/4B = 32B. 512B is what we can write in one block of the SD card. 4B is the size of the variable

// The I2S interface with the Mic using Adafruit Library. Adafruit_ZeroI2S i2s;

//for sd card const int chipSelect = 4; const int writeIndicator = 8;

void setup() { // Open serial communications and wait for port to open: // Configure serial port. Serial.begin(115200); Serial.println("Zero I2S Audio Tone Generator");

// Initialize the I2S transmitter. if (!i2s.begin(I2S_32_BIT, SAMPLERATE_HZ)) { Serial.println("Failed to initialize I2S transmitter!"); while (1); }

// Enable receive PIN 11 for Digital Output. i2s.enableRx(); pinMode(11, OUTPUT);

//LED to indicate correct writing pinMode(writeIndicator,OUTPUT); if(SDENABLE){ //check SD card status if(!SD.begin(chipSelect)){ Serial.println("Card failed, or not present");
//don't do anything more while(1); } Serial.println("Card Initialised"); } }

void loop() { // This is a stereo Mic. But we'll only read from LEFT channel //digitalWrite(11, LOW);
float sound; int32_t left,right; int i; int sample=0;

// Read a bunch of samples!!! int32_t samples[audiosamples]; //char charSamples[audiosamples];

for (int i = 0; i < audiosamples; i++) { i2s.read(&left, &right); //delay(1); // Workaround delay to prevent oversizing the buffer sample = left; //Serial.println(sample); // convert to 18 bit signed //sample >>= 14; //samples[i] = abs(sample); Serial.println(sample); samples[i] = sample;

} if(SDENABLE){ //store data in SD card; File dataFile = SD.open("datalog.dat",FILE_WRITE);

//if file is available, write to it
if(dataFile){
  dataFile.write((const uint8_t *)&samples, sizeof(samples));
  dataFile.close();
  digitalWrite(writeIndicator, HIGH);  
}

} }`

Why is the Serial.monitor showing a slowed down version for the Adafruit_I2S microphone?