Improve `Data.List.Base` (fix #2359; deprecate use of `with` #2123)

[jamesmckinna]

Refactor functions taking decidable predicates towards if_then_else_ and away from yes/no:

• [ ] takeWhile
• [ ] dropWhile
• [ ] filter
• [ ] partition
• [ ] span
• [ ] derun

No attempt to change the proofs in Properties.

[jamesmckinna]

See https://github.com/agda/agda-stdlib/issues/2415#issuecomment-2186511437 for a possible regression introduced by this PR.