Cache results of `IntegerNullable` and `BooleanNullable` inference

[sbadithe]

• Partially fixes #1033

• Currently, the inference function for the Boolean logical type calls the inference functions for BooleanNullable. However, considering that the Boolean is a child of its corresponding Nullable type, we know that the Nullable inference function must have already been computed by the time we are performing Boolean inference. By caching the result of the BooleanNullable inference, we can avoid recomputing its result.

• We can apply this same argument to Integer/IntegerNullable to speed up performance.

Preliminary performance testing points to a ~84% speed up on boolean_heavy data and a ~78% speed up on numeric_heavy data.

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

Merging #1733 (df2e357) into main (bf63dd3) will decrease coverage by 0.01%. The diff coverage is 100.00%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #1733      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   98.76%   98.75%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files          98       98              
  Lines       11942    11954      +12     
==========================================
+ Hits        11794    11805      +11     
- Misses        148      149       +1     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
woodwork/tests/type_system/test_ltype_inference.py	100.00% <ø> (ø)
woodwork/tests/type_system/test_type_system.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
woodwork/type_sys/inference_functions.py	99.24% <100.00%> (-0.76%)	:arrow_down:
woodwork/type_sys/type_system.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)