We found that the :prep-with use cases fell into four main categories, with a couple of additional rarer cases. The four are a “possessive” case, where “with” is used to introduce an attribute or possession, an “existential” case, where the preposition is used to mean “along with the existence of something else,” a “social relation” case, describing with varying degrees of specificity a relationship between two parties, and a idiomatic case, where ‘with’ is simply being used within some untranslatable phrase. We considered 66 different sentences (34% of our dataset) in our analysis.
The Possessive Case
The possessive case is the most intuitive, as well as the most common one, showing up in phrases such as “Any qualified person with charisma,” or “If you get caught with meth.” An interesting facet of this case is that it can be used to describe both an object and an action, e.g. “born with weird toes,” or “jump with joy.” (Though this should perhaps use ":manner") 42% of our sentences fell into this case. As this is by far the most common occurrence, a resolution should probably looked into. An intuitive way to do this would be to introduce a new frame similar in style to "have-03," though this may be too broad of a stroke. For those that attach to actions, ":manner" seems like it would usually be suitable.
The Existential Case
The existential is also one of the most common cases, and is pretty simple in its use. The phrase “with a death toll in multiples of thousands,” and the sentences
“No-one in their right mind, starts screaming and swearing like that, with their young child sat on their lap”
"With all the stuff going with the Falklands, I think this makes the UK seem a bit hypocritical"
serve as good examples of it. 15% of our sentences fell into this case.
This case is trickier to deal with, partly because it often seems like it could be just a subset of the possessive case. This, along with the other use cases presented here, we feel has, as of now, too few examples to come to a definite decision on.
The Social Case
The most common use of the social relation case comes with using the preposition to imply a romantic relationship, e.g. being “with someone.” However, it also can appear in different contexts, like with the sentence: “If this happens it will be a major breaking of faith with the American people,” where it is still used to describe some implied relationship, just not a romantic one. 14% of our sentences fell into this case. The use to imply a romantic relationship seems idiomatic enough that the introduction of a new frame may be the best way to deal with it.
The Idiomatic Case
The idioms we ran across were:
“In step with”
“Over the top with”
“Could do with”
“With it” (meaning sane or lucid)
“On board with”
These we are not entirely sure what to do about. The meaning of something like “with it” doesn’t feel like it is captured well in “prep-with (i / it)" though, so some resolution should be done.
9% of our sentences fell into this case.
Others
There were three additional potential use cases that we came across that had fewer examples.
The Conditional Case
One was a subset of the existential case, where there is an implied importance or condition put on the thing’s existence. For example, in the sentence “but with the glaring needs in other parts of the state , 288 was definitely excess,“ the “with” does describe existence, but also implies that the reason for considering 288 an excess was the existence of the other “glaring needs.” We only had one sentence that definitively fell into this case, but it could be argued that some of the other existential sentences belong here as well.
The Domain Case
There was also a use case that we dubbed “domain,” where the “with” signifies the range that the preceding part of the sentence should be applied to. Some example phrases are:
“But then you have that option already with the US”
“Drinking is a common practice with the upper class society”
5% of our sentences fell into this case.
The Together Case
We also came across the case of using “with” to simply mean “together,” such as in the phrases:
“ i take them with larger and vodka”
“So i think if you have like one other friend go out with them” and
“grown up with it”
Each uses the “with” to signify that two parties are together either in space or time.
10% of our sentences fell into this case.
A Change to the Socialize-01 Frame
Finally, seeing the following sentence makes us think that a change to the socialize-01 frame would be the best way to solve the :prep-with issue for this specific context.
“Its not uncommon for people's existing feelings about themselves to become more intense when they are in new situations and feel the pressure to socialise with strangers and fit into new roles, i.e. being a university student.”
“Socialization” is not always just in the general company of people, and the socialize-01 frame might benefit from an argument that could take the parties with which the socialite is spending time.
nschneid
commented
7 years ago
We found that the :prep-with use cases fell into four main categories, with a couple of additional rarer cases. The four are a “possessive” case, where “with” is used to introduce an attribute or possession, an “existential” case, where the preposition is used to mean “along with the existence of something else,” a “social relation” case, describing with varying degrees of specificity a relationship between two parties, and a idiomatic case, where ‘with’ is simply being used within some untranslatable phrase. We considered 66 different sentences (34% of our dataset) in our analysis.
The Possessive Case
The possessive case is the most intuitive, as well as the most common one, showing up in phrases such as “Any qualified person with charisma,” or “If you get caught with meth.” An interesting facet of this case is that it can be used to describe both an object and an action, e.g. “born with weird toes,” or “jump with joy.” (Though this should perhaps use ":manner") 42% of our sentences fell into this case. As this is by far the most common occurrence, a resolution should probably looked into. An intuitive way to do this would be to introduce a new frame similar in style to "have-03," though this may be too broad of a stroke. For those that attach to actions, ":manner" seems like it would usually be suitable.
The Existential Case
The existential is also one of the most common cases, and is pretty simple in its use. The phrase “with a death toll in multiples of thousands,” and the sentences
“No-one in their right mind, starts screaming and swearing like that, with their young child sat on their lap” "With all the stuff going with the Falklands, I think this makes the UK seem a bit hypocritical"
serve as good examples of it. 15% of our sentences fell into this case.
This case is trickier to deal with, partly because it often seems like it could be just a subset of the possessive case. This, along with the other use cases presented here, we feel has, as of now, too few examples to come to a definite decision on.
The Social Case
The most common use of the social relation case comes with using the preposition to imply a romantic relationship, e.g. being “with someone.” However, it also can appear in different contexts, like with the sentence: “If this happens it will be a major breaking of faith with the American people,” where it is still used to describe some implied relationship, just not a romantic one. 14% of our sentences fell into this case. The use to imply a romantic relationship seems idiomatic enough that the introduction of a new frame may be the best way to deal with it.
The Idiomatic Case
The idioms we ran across were: “In step with” “Over the top with” “Could do with” “With it” (meaning sane or lucid) “On board with”
These we are not entirely sure what to do about. The meaning of something like “with it” doesn’t feel like it is captured well in “prep-with (i / it)" though, so some resolution should be done. 9% of our sentences fell into this case.
Others
There were three additional potential use cases that we came across that had fewer examples.
The Conditional Case
One was a subset of the existential case, where there is an implied importance or condition put on the thing’s existence. For example, in the sentence “but with the glaring needs in other parts of the state , 288 was definitely excess,“ the “with” does describe existence, but also implies that the reason for considering 288 an excess was the existence of the other “glaring needs.” We only had one sentence that definitively fell into this case, but it could be argued that some of the other existential sentences belong here as well.
The Domain Case
There was also a use case that we dubbed “domain,” where the “with” signifies the range that the preceding part of the sentence should be applied to. Some example phrases are:
“But then you have that option already with the US” “Drinking is a common practice with the upper class society” 5% of our sentences fell into this case.
The Together Case
We also came across the case of using “with” to simply mean “together,” such as in the phrases: “ i take them with larger and vodka” “So i think if you have like one other friend go out with them” and “grown up with it” Each uses the “with” to signify that two parties are together either in space or time. 10% of our sentences fell into this case.
A Change to the Socialize-01 Frame
Finally, seeing the following sentence makes us think that a change to the socialize-01 frame would be the best way to solve the :prep-with issue for this specific context.
“Its not uncommon for people's existing feelings about themselves to become more intense when they are in new situations and feel the pressure to socialise with strangers and fit into new roles, i.e. being a university student.”
“Socialization” is not always just in the general company of people, and the socialize-01 frame might benefit from an argument that could take the parties with which the socialite is spending time.
-- Harry Eldridge, Austin Blodgett