[Java] Rework how Java cookbooks are developed and built

[amoeba]

In https://github.com/apache/arrow-cookbook/pull/350#issuecomment-2121850653 it was pointed out that the way the Java cookbooks work could be improved quite a bit. We might consider two more recent approaches:

• https://github.com/apache/arrow-adbc/blob/main/docs/source/ext/adbc_cookbook.py
• https://github.com/apache/arrow-adbc/blob/main/docs/source/ext/javadoc_inventory.py