GH-44808: [C++][Parquet] Add `arrow::Result` version of `parquet::arrow::FileReader::GetRecordBatchReader()`

[kou]

Rationale for this change

We're migrating arrow::Status + output variable API to arrow::Result API.

What changes are included in this PR?

• Add arrow::Result<std::unique_ptr<arrow::RecordBatchReader parquet::arrow::FileReader::GetRecordBatchReader()
• Deprecate arrow::Status parquet::arrow::FileReadeder::GetRecordBatchReader()
• Use the added arrow::Result version in our code base

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.

• GitHub Issue: #44808

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g cpp

[github-actions[bot]]

:warning: GitHub issue #44808 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[github-actions[bot]]

Revision: 22b0cac96b284cdcf1326883866dc571ec9ffbf4

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-336dfe8f67

Task	Status
example-cpp-minimal-build-static
example-cpp-minimal-build-static-system-dependency
example-cpp-tutorial
test-alpine-linux-cpp
test-build-cpp-fuzz
test-conda-cpp
test-conda-cpp-valgrind
test-cuda-cpp-ubuntu-20.04-cuda-11.2.2
test-cuda-cpp-ubuntu-22.04-cuda-11.7.1
test-debian-12-cpp-amd64
test-debian-12-cpp-i386
test-fedora-39-cpp
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-bundled
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-20
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-emscripten
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-no-threading
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-bundled-offline
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-13-bundled
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-14
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-minimal-with-formats
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-thread-sanitizer