Add diagnostics in the preprocessor

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[x] The PR has no duplicates (please search among the Pull Requests before creating one)
[x] The PR follows our contributing guidelines
[x] Tests for the changes have been added (for bug fixes / features)
[ ] Docs have been added / updated (for bug fixes / features)
[ ] UPGRADING.md has been updated with a migration guide (for breaking changes)
[ ] configuration.schema.json updated if new parameters are added.

What kind of change does this PR introduce?

We're adding the diagnostics in the preprocessing part.

What is the current behavior?

Currently, the diagnostics are considered only for the sketch compilation.

What is the new behavior?

The diagnostics field will report errors from the preprocessor and the compiler.

Does this PR introduce a breaking change, and is titled accordingly?

Other information

I'm proposing to use a struct that Stores the information of the diagnostics instead of using a callback approach. We can always revert that.

Codecov Report

Attention: 38 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Comparison is base (205a6a5) 68.92% compared to head (be0b8c4) 69.74%. Report is 7 commits behind head on master.

Files	Patch %	Lines
...lder/internal/preprocessor/arduino_preprocessor.go	0.00%	12 Missing :warning:
...rnal/arduino/builder/internal/detector/detector.go	46.66%	6 Missing and 2 partials :warning:
...rnal/arduino/builder/internal/diagnostics/store.go	57.89%	6 Missing and 2 partials :warning:
...nal/arduino/builder/internal/preprocessor/ctags.go	61.11%	7 Missing :warning:
...ernal/arduino/builder/internal/preprocessor/gcc.go	40.00%	3 Missing :warning:

Additional details and impacted files

```diff @@ Coverage Diff @@ ## master #2515 +/- ## ========================================== + Coverage 68.92% 69.74% +0.82% ========================================== Files 204 206 +2 Lines 20452 20845 +393 ========================================== + Hits 14096 14538 +442 + Misses 5207 5166 -41 + Partials 1149 1141 -8 ``` | [Flag](https://app.codecov.io/gh/arduino/arduino-cli/pull/2515/flags?src=pr&el=flags&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=arduino) | Coverage Δ | | |---|---|---| | [unit](https://app.codecov.io/gh/arduino/arduino-cli/pull/2515/flags?src=pr&el=flag&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=arduino) | `69.74% <61.22%> (+0.82%)` | :arrow_up: | Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. [Click here](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/carryforward-flags?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=arduino#carryforward-flags-in-the-pull-request-comment) to find out more.

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arduino / arduino-cli