ci: only run Stale Action on specifically labeled issues and PRs

only run on issues labeled with "problem/more information needed"
- same as done in Workflows https://github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/pull/12488
most issues and PRs are marked and closed as stale in this repo only because they've never been followed up on, not because they're missing information
- for instance, a PR that never got a review or an issue with no maintainer response
- this has happened to me many times too and it even happens on pinned issues like #453
  - and b/c of #453, this repo does not get much attention, which exacerbates the issue, resulting in closed PRs and issues that are actually still relevant
- we should only start the stale process for issues/PRs that need action from the contributor, not ones that need action from maintainers
- same rationale as in Workflows https://github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/pull/11836#issuecomment-1766672575, https://github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/issues/11802#issuecomment-1720117452

add only-labels configuration to check for the problem/more information needed label
- and labels-to-remove-when-unstale to remove the same label when marked as no longer stale
also use standard, categorized labels for problem/stale instead of no-issue-activity and no-pr-activity
- same as Workflows https://github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/pull/12789
explicitly set the timelines for stale and close, matching Workflows

will have a follow-up PR to standardize dependabot labels as well. EDIT: see #550
and one to fix formatting and OpenSSF Scorecard issues in this GH Workflow (action needs to be pinned, needs a top-level permissions.contents: read, etc). EDIT: see #551
- this PR is very purpose specific

argoproj / argo-ui