Raise ParserMatchError rather than TypeError/re.error in certain scenarios

[jadchaar]

Pull Request Checklist

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• [x] 🧪 Added tests for changed code.
• [x] 🛠️ All tests pass when run locally (run tox or make test to find out!).
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Description of Changes

Closes: https://github.com/arrow-py/arrow/issues/860 Closes: https://github.com/arrow-py/arrow/issues/854

I had to ignore the tests on Python 2.7 due to unicode errors. I tried decoding the bytes beforehand, but this just led to more issues. Since we are about to drop py27, I decided to just ignore it for now.

Relates to https://github.com/arrow-py/arrow/issues/861.

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

Merging #862 into master will not change coverage. The diff coverage is 100.00%.

@@            Coverage Diff            @@
##            master      #862   +/-   ##
=========================================
  Coverage   100.00%   100.00%           
=========================================
  Files            9         9           
  Lines         1808      1809    +1     
  Branches       312       312           
=========================================
+ Hits          1808      1809    +1     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
arrow/parser.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)

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