Store arrow schema when reading catalogs

[camposandro]

When instantiating a catalog, extract the arrow schema from the metadata files and store it.

• [X] My PR includes a link to the issue that I am addressing

Code Quality

• [X] I have read the Contribution Guide
• [X] My code follows the code style of this project
• [X] My code builds (or compiles) cleanly without any errors or warnings
• [X] My code contains relevant comments and necessary documentation

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests :white_check_mark:

Project coverage is 93.84%. Comparing base (047600e) to head (6977e02).

Additional details and impacted files

```diff @@ Coverage Diff @@ ## main #310 +/- ## ========================================== + Coverage 93.78% 93.84% +0.06% ========================================== Files 58 58 Lines 2028 2048 +20 ========================================== + Hits 1902 1922 +20 Misses 126 126 ```

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[github-actions[bot]]

Before [047600e6] <v0.3.7>	After [6ce811e2]	Ratio	Benchmark (Parameter)
41.7±0.3ms	42.6±0.8ms	1.02	benchmarks.Suite.time_pixel_tree_creation
13.5±0.2ms	13.6±0.2ms	1.01	benchmarks.Suite.time_inner_pixel_alignment
384±2ms	383±4ms	1	benchmarks.Suite.time_outer_pixel_alignment
119±0.7ms	119±0.5ms	1	benchmarks.time_test_alignment_even_sky
20.9±0.5ms	20.8±0.4ms	0.99	benchmarks.MetadataSuite.time_load_partition_info_order6
78.2±2ms	77.7±0.4ms	0.99	benchmarks.MetadataSuite.time_load_partition_join_info
980±3μs	974±20μs	0.99	benchmarks.time_test_cone_filter_multiple_order
79.2±1ms	77.0±0.3ms	0.97	benchmarks.MetadataSuite.time_load_partition_info_order7
91.3±2ms	86.9±2ms	0.95	benchmarks.Suite.time_paths_creation

Click here to view all benchmarks.